参黄洗液辅助吻合器痔环切手术治疗混合痔效果及其预后不良早期预警

目的:对参黄洗液辅助吻合器痔环切手术(PPH手术)在混合痔治疗中的效果及其预后不良早期预警的价值进行研究,为临床治疗和不良反应的防治提供数据参考。方法:选取2018年5-12月我院手术治疗的混合痔患者120例为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。观察组采用参黄洗液辅助PPH手术治疗,对照组PPH术后采用高锰酸钾溶液坐浴治疗。术后辅助治疗20d后就疗效、不良反应及随访3个月的远期疗效进行评价和组间比较,并对观察组预后不良病例的早期反应进行分析。结果:观察组总有效率为96.67%(58/60),高于对照组86.67%(52/60)的总有效率(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为21.67%(13/60),低于对照组31.67%(19/60)的不良反应发生率(P<0.05);观察组病例不良预后发生率为25.00%(15/60),低于对照组33.33%(20/60)的不良预后发生率(P<0.05)。结论:参黄洗液辅助PPH手术在混合痔治疗中具有疗效显著、安全性高、预后良好等优势,临床具有推广价值。     

High-potassium preconditioning enhances tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-apoptotic effects in male rats

Imbalances between cellular K⁺ efflux and influx are considered to be involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. High-potassium pretreatment alleviates this injury, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether high-potassium preconditioning enhances cerebral tolerance to I/R injury through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 40/group): a sham-operated group, normal saline group (3.2 ml/kg saline, intravenous (IV)), and low-dose and high-dose potassium chloride (KCl) groups (40 and 80 mg/kg KCl solution, IV, respectively). Subsequently, the rats underwent 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hr of reperfusion (MCAO/R). Neurological deficit scores, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and TUNEL assay were used to assess neural injury. The expression of apoptotic proteins, brain potassium levels, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were detected to explore the potential mechanism. After 24 hr of reperfusion, in both KCl treatment groups, neurological deficits and the cerebral infarct volume were reduced, and the apoptosis index of neurons was decreased. Furthermore, high-potassium preconditioning increased brain K⁺, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytochrome c oxidase (COX) levels, reduced malondialdehyde level, improved Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activities, upregulated anti-apoptotic protein expression, and downregulated pro-apoptotic protein expression. This study suggests that high-potassium preconditioning enhanced cerebral tolerance to I/R injury in a rat MCAO/R model. The protective mechanism may involve apoptosis inhibition via preservation of intracellular K⁺ and improvement of mitochondrial function.     

预防性静滴钾离子、镁离子对急性心梗后并发室性心律失常的预防作用

目的 探究预防性静滴钾离子、镁离子对急性心梗后并发室性心律失常的预防作用。方法 选择2015年1月-2018年1月于西宁市第一人民医院进行治疗的78例急性心肌梗死患者为研究对象，按照随机数字表法将其均分为观察组与对照组，每组各39例患者。对照组患者进行常规急性心梗治疗，观察组患者在对照组基础上加用门冬氨酸钾镁进行治疗，对比两组治疗有效率，对比两组治疗前后血液流变学指标纤维蛋白原（Fib）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、血小板计数（Plt），对比两组治疗期间不良反应发生率及心律失常发生率。结果 治疗后，观察组患者治疗有效率为87.18%，对照组为76.92%，两组对比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者Fib、PT以及Plt水平对比差异不具有统计学意义；治疗后，两组患者Plt及Fib水平低于治疗前，PT水平高于治疗前，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；治疗后观察组患者Plt及Fib水平低于对照组，PT水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组患者不良反应发生率稍高于对照组，但对比差异不具有统计学意义。观察组心律失常发生率为7.69%，对照组为15.38%，两组对比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 预防性静滴钾离子与镁离子能够显著降低急性心梗患者心律失常发生率，同时有利于提高治疗有效率，改善其血流变指标，且安全性较高。     

抗GABABR抗体和抗KCTD16抗体双阳性自身免疫性脑炎(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的提高和拓展对抗γ-氨基丁酸B型受体(GABABR)抗体和抗钾离子通道四聚体结构域蛋白16(KCTD16)抗体双阳性自身免疫性脑炎的认识。方法收集1例抗GABABR抗体和抗KCTD16抗体双阳性的自身免疫性脑炎患者的临床资料,总结诊断、治疗经过等临床特点,结合文献复习进行分析和讨论。结果患者男性,50岁,亚急性起病,表现为精神行为异常、记忆障碍和癫痫发作。脑脊液蛋白增高(1.10g·L^-1),细胞数正常,血清和脑脊液抗GABABR抗体阳性。头颅磁共振检查示双侧海马信号增高。诊断为抗GABABR脑炎。对糖皮质激素、静脉注射免疫球蛋白、血浆置换治疗反应良好,但经历多次复发。随访过程中,患者血清中检测到抗KCTD16抗体阳性。发病1年后,患者全身正电子发射计算机断层显像示右肺近肺门软组织结节,远端阻塞性炎症,氟代脱氧葡萄糖代谢异常增高,行肺结节穿刺未见异形细胞,支气管镜未见出血及新生物。后续随访患者肺部结节进一步增大,最终病理活检证明为小细胞肺癌。结论抗KCTD16抗体可存在于抗GABAbR脑炎患者中,且与小细胞肺癌密切相关。     

Chlorthalidone with potassium citrate decreases calcium oxalate stones and increases bone quality in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats

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Anticonvulsant effect of melatonin through ATP-sensitive channels in mice

Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted principally by the pineal gland. This molecule has various pharmacological properties including improving immune system, prevent cancer, anti-aging, and anti-oxidant effects. The anticonvulsant effects of melatonin have been proved by previous studies. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K_ATP) channels are considered as an important target in the seizure modulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of melatonin in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice, focusing on its ability to regulate K_ATP channels. Acute intraperitoneal administration of melatonin (40 and 80 mg/kg) increased clonic seizure threshold induced by intravenous administration of PTZ. Melatonin (40 and 80 mg/kg) increased the latency of clonic seizure and reduced its frequency in mice receiving an intraperitoneal injection of PTZ. Administration of glibenclamide, a K_ATP channels blocker, before intravenous injection of PTZ reduced melatonin anticonvulsant effect. Diazoxide and cromakalim, as K_ATP channels openers, increased antiseizure effect of melatonin in PTZ model of seizures. These findings suggest that the antiseizure effect of melatonin probably is gained through increasing the opening of K_ATP channels.     

Can we increase the speed and efficacy of antidepressant treatments? Part II. Glutamatergic and RNA interference strategies

In the second part we focus on two treatment strategies that may overcome the main limitations of current antidepressant drugs. First, we review the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the use of glutamatergic drugs as fast-acting antidepressants. Secondly, we review the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the use of small RNAs (e.g.., small interfering RNAs or siRNAs) to knockdown genes in monoaminergic and non-monoaminergic neurons and induce antidepressant-like responses in experimental animals.The development of glutamatergic agents is a promising venue for antidepressant drug development, given the antidepressant properties of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. Its unique properties appear to result from the activation of AMPA receptors by a metabolite [(2 S,6 S;2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK)] and mTOR signaling. These effects increase synaptogenesis in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons and enhance serotonergic neurotransmission via descending inputs to the raphe nuclei. This view is supported by the cancellation of ketamine's antidepressant-like effects by inhibition of serotonin synthesis.We also review existing evidence supporting the involvement of miRNAs in MDD and the preclinical use of RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to target genes involved in antidepressant response. Many miRNAs have been associated to MDD, some of which e.g., miR-135 targets genes involved in antidepressant actions. Likewise, SSRI-conjugated siRNA evokes faster and/or more effective antidepressant-like responses. Intranasal application of sertraline-conjugated siRNAs directed to 5-HT_1A receptors and SERT evoked much faster changes of pre- and postsynaptic antidepressant markers than those produced by fluoxetine.