Cardiovascular events associated with nicorandil administration prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Nicorandil may exert cardioprotective effects in ischemic heart disease. However, its efficacy in combination with early reperfusion is uncertain. The authors performed a meta-analysis of the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of nicorandil administration at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled studies. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), both in-hospital and post-discharge. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon.

Results: Ten studies were included (n = 1105). Mean patient age was 63.0 ± 10.0 years; 76.6% of patients were male. Compared with controls who received primary PCI, combined nicorandil/primary PCI significantly reduced in-hospital MACE (pooled odds ratio [OR] 0.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.27), follow-up MACE (pooled OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.37–0.75), and total MACE (pooled OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.15–0.49). The combined treatment also reduced the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon (pooled OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.23–0.50).

Conclusion: Nicorandil administration at the time of primary PCI is associated with reduced MACE (both short- and long-term) and no-reflow phenomenon in patients with STEMI.     

丹酚酸B镁对兔急性心梗再灌注后无复流心肌损伤的保护作用

目的 评价丹酚酸B镁（salvianolic acid B,Sal-B）对兔急性心肌梗死再灌注后心肌损伤的保护作用。方法 新西兰大白兔40只随机分成4组,即假手术组、心肌缺血再灌注（myocardial ischemia/reperfusion,MI/R）、再灌注低剂量组（Sal-B20 mg·kg^-1组）、再灌注高剂量组（Sal-B 60 mg·kg^-1组）,每组10只。假手术组只开胸不结扎,其余3组结扎左室缘支90 min,切断结扎线120 min,建立MI/R模型。各组分别于结扎左心室缘支前5 min、结扎后90 min、再灌注120 min时取血,检测肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白I （cTnI）,并评估缺血范围、无复流范围及梗死区心肌范围。结果 结扎90 min后,MI/R组、Sal-B 20 mg·kg^-1组和Sal-B 60 mg·kg^-1组3组之间CK-MB、cTnI水平差异无统计学意义。再灌注120 min后,Sal-B 60 mg·kg^-1组的血清CK-MB、cTnI水平显著低于MI/R组、Sal-B 20 mg·kg^-1组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。各组染色所测的冠脉结扎区心肌缺血范围基本一致。与MI/R组、Sal-B 20 mg·kg^-1组比,Sal-B 60 mg·kg^-1组可以显著减少无复流面积（P<0.05）和梗死面积（P<0.05）,MI/R组和Sal-B 20 mg·kg^-1组之间差异无统计学意义。结论 Sal-B 60 mg·kg^-1能在一定程度上减轻心肌细胞结构损伤,缩小心肌梗死面积,减轻无复流的发生。     

冠状动脉微循环功能障碍动物模型及中医药防治研究进展

冠状动脉微循环功能障碍(CMD)是心脏X综合征、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后无复流等微循环病变的共同发病机制。随着现代影像学的迅速发展,CMD的发生和防治得到越来越多的关注。CMD动物模型是研究疾病发病机制及评价药物作用的必不可少的工具,选择合适的CMD动物模型建立方法是开展CMD实验研究首先面临的问题。临床及实验研究显示,中医药在CMD的防治方面具有一定的特色。如何进一步阐明中药作用机制寻求最佳的中西医结合治疗方案,将是中医药干预CMD的研究重点。该文将从冠状动脉微循环障碍动物模型的建立评价方法及中医药防治冠状动脉微血管环障碍的研究进展进行综述,旨为冠状动脉微循环障碍实验及中医药的实验研究提供参考。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI术后无复流现象的研究进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病是全球范围内心血管疾病患者死亡的主要原因,其中以急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)最为凶险。及时经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是目前急性STEMI患者最主流的再灌注策略。而部分患者在PCI术后仍不能得到充分的血液灌注,即出现无复流现象(NRP),与随后的不良临床预后密切相关。因此,为了有效恢复再灌注后冠状动脉微循环的血流,防治冠状动脉NRP的发生就显得尤为重要。本文回顾NRP的定义、诊断和临床表现,以病理生理机制为桥梁,提出通过相关预测因子来选择防治策略从而提高PCI疗效。     

从脾论治心肌缺血再灌注损伤无复流现象

缺血再灌注损伤无复流指局部缺血组织重新恢复血流后,缺血区反而不能得到充分血液灌注的现象,严重影响心肌梗死患者的预后。该病主要与内皮细胞损伤有关,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗办法。中医药可从多层面、多途径、多靶点治疗该病。初步分析了缺血再灌注损伤无复流现象的患病因素以及基本病机,并对从脾论治进行了深入探讨,为临床应用和基础研究提供理论依据。     

急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后慢血流/无复流的相关因素研究

目的 分析急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）后慢血流/无复流的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月—2020年9月于沧州市中心医院接受急诊PCI术的280例AMI患者的临床资料,根据术后是否出现慢血流/无复流分为慢血流/无复流组（46例）和正常血流组（234例）。比较两组的基线资料、造影结果、手术相关指标、生化指标、住院期间用药情况;采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响PCI术后慢血流/无复流发生的危险因素。结果 两组的收缩压、吸烟、症状至PCI时间及Killip分级,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;两组的性别构成、年龄、舒张压、心率、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、心肌梗死部位比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。两组的血栓负荷程度比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;两组的血管直径、入院至球囊扩张时间、支架数量、球囊扩张次数、病变血管数量、梗死相关血管、病变位置比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。两组入院即刻血糖、D-D、LDL-C水平比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,慢血流/无复流组入院即刻血糖、D-D、LDL-C水平高于正常血流组;两组Scr、UA、TC、TG、HDL-C、WBC、NEU、ALT、AST、GGT比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。两组住院期间用药情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：吸烟［O^R =2.197 （95%CI：1.158,4.167）］、收缩压 <120 mmHg［O^R =1.889（95%CI：1.564,2.672）］、症状至PCI时间 ≥6 h［O^R =3.094（95%CI：1.618,5.914）］、Killip分级 ≥Ⅱ级［O^R =2.014 （95%CI：1.016,3.989）］、入院即刻血糖 ≥10.0 mmol/L［O^R =1.546（95%CI：1.168,2.465）］、D-D ≥0.5 mg/L［O^R =1.956 （95%CI：1.175,2.745）］、LDL-C ≥3.37 mmol/L［O^R =1.624（95%CI：0.895,2.165）］、重度血栓负荷［O^R =2.369 （95%CI：1.325,5.750）］均是PCI术后慢血流/无复流发生的危险因素（P <0.05）。结论 吸烟、收缩压、症状至PCI时间、Killip分级、入院即刻血糖、D-D、LDL-C及血栓负荷程度是AMI患者PCI术后慢血流/无复流发生的危险因素,临床应规避上述风险因素,密切监测围手术期入院即刻血糖、D-D、LDL-C水平变化,以降低术后慢血流/无复流发生风险。     

腺苷对兔溶栓后微循环障碍影响的实验研究

目的:观察溶栓后微循环再灌注和微血栓形成情况及腺苷对溶栓后微循环障碍的影响。方法:12只大耳白兔均用电刺激法在右股动脉形成稳定的闭塞性血栓,予尿激酶6万U/kg和肝素250U/kg静脉溶栓治疗,溶栓后随机分为腺苷治疗组(立即予腺苷0.3mg/min,静滴30min)和对照组(立即予等容量生理盐水静滴30min)。结果:用药后治疗组血浆6-酮-前列腺F1a(6-keto-PGF1a)与血栓素B2(TXB2)的比值(即P/T比值)明显高于对照组(电刺激前两组P/t比值差异无显著性意义,用药后治疗组为1.26±0.04,对照组为0.44±0.02,P<0.01);溶栓再通后治疗组肌腱微循环恢复情况较对照组好,无复流区域少;治疗组右胫前肌病理切片组织损伤轻且未见微血栓形成,而对照组可见微血栓形成。结论:溶栓后立即予腺苷治疗,可改善溶栓后的微循环障碍。     

尼可地尔对猪急性心肌梗死再灌注后无再流的影响

目的评价尼可地尔防治猪急性心肌梗死(AMI)再灌注后无再流的作用。方法中华小型猪24只,随机分成对照组、尼可地尔组和假手术组,每组8只。结扎冠状动脉(冠脉)3h、松解1h制备AMI再灌注模型。AMI前后和再灌注后均行血流动力学测定和心肌声学造影(MCE)检查,最终行病理学分析。结果1与AMI前相比,对照组AMI后3h左室收缩压(LVSP)、心排血量(CO)和左室内压最大收缩和舒张变化速率(±dp/dtmax)均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),左室舒张末压(LVEDP)显著升高(P<0.01);再灌注后1h仅LVSP显著恢复(P<0.05),±dp/dtmax继续显著下降(P均<0.05)。尼可地尔组AMI后3h各项指标变化与对照组相同;但再灌注后1hLVSP、LVEDP、±dp/dtmax和CO均恢复,差异有显著性(P<0.05),且比对照组更显著(P均<0.05)。2对照组MCE和病理染色所测冠脉结扎区心肌范围(LA%)高度一致(P>0.05),再灌注后无再流范围(ANR%)分别为(78.50±4.35)%和(82.30±1.90)%,心肌坏死范围(NA%)为(98.50±1.35)%。尼可地尔组LA%虽与对照组相当(P均>0.05),但两方法所测ANR%和NA%均显著小于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3对照组再灌注即刻和再灌注后1h冠脉血流量(CBV)仅占AMI前的50.6%和45.8%(P均<0.01);尼可地尔组CBV分别提高到69.4%和67.9%,均比对照组显著增加(P均<0.01)。结论尼可地尔能有效防治AMI再灌注后无再流,改善其心功能,缩小梗死面积。     

CHA2DS2-VASc score predicts the slow flow/no-reflow phenomenon in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel disease undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with multivessel disease (MVD) have a higher incidence of slow-flow/no-reflow (SF-NR) phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) than those with single vessel disease. Currently, no effective tools exist to predict the risk of SF-NR in this population. The present study aimed to evaluate whether CHA₂DS₂-VASc score can be used as a simple tool to predict this risk.This study consecutively included STEMI patients hospitalized in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2005 to January 2015. Among these patients, 1032 patients with MVD were finally enrolled. Patients were divided into SF-NR (+) group and SF-NR (–) group according to whether SF-NR occurred during PPCI. SF-NR was defined as the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade ≤2.There were 134 patients (13%) in the SF-NR (+) group. Compared with the SF-NR (–) group, patients in the SF-NR (+) group are elder, with lower left ventricular ejection fraction and higher CHA₂DS₂-VASc score. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥3 (odds ratio [OR], 2.148; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.389–3.320; P = .001), current smoking (OR, 1.814; 95% CI, 1.19–2.764; P = .006), atrial fibrillation (OR, 2.892; 95% CI, 1.138–7.350; P = .03), complete revascularization (OR, 2.307; 95% CI, 1.202–4.429; P = .01), and total length of stents ≥40 mm (OR, 1.482; 95% CI, 1.011–2.172; P = .04) were independent risk factors of SF-NR. The incidence of SF-NR in patients with CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥3 was 1.7 times higher than that in patients with CHA₂DS₂-VASc score <3. Additionally, patients with CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥3 plus ≥2 risk factors have 3 times higher incidence of SF-NR than those with CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥3 plus 0 to 1 risk factor.CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥3 can be used as a simple and sensitive indicator to predict SF-NR phenomenon and guide the PPCI strategy in STEMI patients with MVD.