伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的 CML 患者更换二代 TKI治疗的疗效观察及相关因素分析

目的：观察伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的慢性髓性白血病(CML)患者更换二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)后的疗效,分析相关因素对疗效的影响。方法随机选取伊马替尼耐药或不耐受而转用二代 TKI(达沙替尼和尼洛替尼)的患者各25例,监测患者3个月或6个月时 BCR/ ABL 融合基因定量结果,分析患者在6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%这一“最佳”疗效与换药原因、换药时分期、换药时血液学缓解状态、换药后依从性之间的关系。结果因耐药或不耐受而换用二代 TKI 的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有16例(41．0%)和9例(81．8%);转用二代 TKI 时处于慢性期和进展期的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有23例(76．7%)和2例(10．0%);转用二代 TKI 时未丧失完全血液学缓解(CHR)和丧失 CHR 的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有16例(72．7%)和9例(32．1%);转用二代TKI 后依从性好和依从性差的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有23例(74．2%)和2例10．5%)。结论伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的 CML 患者改用二代 TKI 药物可取得一定的疗效,且两种二代 TKI 药物(达沙替尼、尼洛替尼)疗效差异无统计学意义。因不耐受而换药的患者的疗效要优于因耐药而换药的患者;换药时处于慢性期的患者的疗效要优于换药时处于进展期的患者;换药时未丧失 CHR 的患者的疗效要优于丧失 CHR 的患者;服用二代 TKI 药物依从性好的患者的疗效要优于依从性差的患者。     

Measuring response to BCR-ABL inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia

In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the hallmark Philadelphia chromosome is the marker of disease that can be detected by conventional metaphase cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, or polymerase chain reaction. The current "gold standard" of treatment response is cytogenetic response. Cytogenetic response to imatinib is strongly associated with disease progression and survival. Various strategies aimed at improving cytogenetic response have been explored, such as escalation of imatinib and switching to the newer breakpoint cluster region/v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene (BCR-ABL) inhibitors dasatinib and nilotinib. Data from recent randomized trials of dasatinib and nilotinib as first-line therapy of newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML suggest that these agents are more effective than imatinib in achieving 6-month and 12-month complete cytogenetic responses. However, it is still too early to know whether or not this early response will translate into a long-term survival advantage. In addition, more sensitive assays to detect residual disease also may be associated with improved long-term outcomes. The deepest measure of response-a complete molecular response-may help identify patients who can stop taking imatinib for the short term, although the long-term consequences of this strategy remain unknown.     

A co-operative evaluation of different methods of detecting BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia on second-line dasatinib or nilotinib therapy after failure of imatinib

Background

Various techniques have been employed to detect BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who are resistant to imatinib. This has led to different reported frequencies of mutations and the finding of a heterogeneous pattern of individual mutations.

Design and Methods

We compared direct sequencing alone and in combination with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and two high-sensitivity allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction approaches for analysis of BCR-ABL mutations in 200 blinded cDNA samples prior to and during second-line dasatinib or nilotinib therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in whom imatinib treatment had failed.

Results

One hundred and fourteen mutations were detected by both direct sequencing alone or in combination with high performance liquid chromatography and 13 mutations were additionally detected by the combined technique. Eighty of 83 mutations (96%) within a selected panel of 11 key mutations were confirmed by both allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction techniques and 62 mutations were identified in addition to those detected by combined liquid chromatography and direct sequencing, indicating the presence and a high prevalence of low-level mutations in this cohort of patients. Furthermore, 125 mutations were detected by only one allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction technique. Pre-existing mutations were traceable 4.5 months longer and emerging clones were detectable 3.0 months earlier by allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction than by direct sequencing together with liquid chromatography.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that denaturing high performance liquid chromatography combined with direct sequencing is a reliable screening technique for the detection of BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations. Allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction further increases the number of detected mutations and indicates a high prevalence of mutations at a low level. The clinical impact of such low-level mutations remains uncertain and requires further investigation. Allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction allows detection of defined mutations at a lower level than does denaturing high performance liquid chromatography combined with direct sequencing and may, therefore, provide clinical benefit by permitting early reconsideration of therapeutic strategies.     

Cost-Utility Analysis of Dasatinib and Nilotinib in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Refractory to First-Line Treatment With Imatinib in Thailand

Background

Recently, the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib and nilotinib have emerged as alternative treatments in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who are resistant to or intolerant of imatinib.

Objective

This article aimed to assess the cost utility and budget impact of using dasatinib or nilotinib, rather than high-dose (800-mg/d) imatinib, in patients with chronic phase (CP) CML who are resistant to standard-dose (400-mg/d) imatinib in Thailand.

Methods

A Markov simulation model was developed and used to estimate the lifetime costs and outcomes of treating patients aged ≥38 years with CP-CML. The efficacy parameters were synthesized from a systematic review. Utilities using the European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions tool and costs were obtained from the Thai CML population. Costs and outcomes were compared and presented as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in 2011 Thai baht (THB) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate parameter uncertainty.

Results

From a societal perspective, treatment with dasatinib was found to yield more QALYs (2.13) at a lower cost (THB 1,631,331) per person than high-dose imatinib. Nilotinib treatment was also found to be more cost-effective than high-dose imatinib, producing an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of THB 83,328 per QALY gained. This treatment option also resulted in the highest number of QALYs gained of all of the treatment options. The costs of providing dasatinib, nilotinib, and high-dose imatinib were estimated at THB 5 billion, THB 6 billion, and THB 7 billion, respectively.

Conclusions

Treatment with dasatinib or nilotinib is likely to be more cost-effective than treatment with high-dose imatinib in CP-CML patients who do not respond positively to standard-dose imatinib in the Thai context. Dasatinib was found to be more cost-effective than nilotinib.     

尼洛替尼诱导K562/A02细胞凋亡及对HO-1基因表达的影响

 目的 研究尼洛替尼(nilotinib,AMN107诱导K562/A02细胞凋亡及对血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1基因表达的影响。方法 采用荧光原位杂交(FISH法检测K562/A02细胞中的BCR-ABL融合基因;用不同浓度的AMN107分别处理K562/A02细胞24 h后,通过实时荧光定量PCR(RQ-PCR法检测BCR-ABL融合基因mRNA的表达水平;采用MTT法观察细胞增殖变化;通过Annexin V/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期;采用RT-PCR法和Western Blot法检测HO-1基因的表达。 结果 FISH法分析结果显示,K562/A02细胞BCR-ABL融合基因阳性细胞占细胞总数98%;RQ-PCR法检测结果显示,0,5,10,20 μmol·L-1 AMN107作用于K562/A02细胞24 h后BCR-ABL融合基因表达随AMN107浓度增加而逐渐下降;MTT法和Annexin V/PI法显示与对照组相比,细胞存活率随AMN107浓度升高而下降,凋亡率逐渐增加;细胞周期分析显示,经AMN107处理的细胞,G₀/G₁期和S期细胞明显减少,细胞阻滞在G₂/M期;RT-PCR法和Western blot法均检测到HO-1基因表达随AMN107浓度升高而降低。结论 AMN107可抑制BCR-ABL融合基因和HO-1基因表达,从而诱导慢性粒细胞白血病（CML耐药细胞的凋亡,说明HO-1是CML细胞生长以及BCR-ABL基因存在的一个相关因子,HO-1基因是克服慢性粒细胞白血病耐药的一个潜在靶向。     

Nilotinib alone or in combination with selumetinib is a drug candidate for neurofibromatosis type 2

Loss of the tumor suppressor merlin is a cause of frequent tumors of the nervous system, such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas, which occur spontaneously or as part of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Because there is medical need for drug therapies for these tumors, our aim is to find therapeutic targets. We have studied the pathobiology of schwannomas, because they are the most common merlin-deficient tumors and are a model for all merlin-deficient tumors. With use of a human schwannoma in vitro model, we previously described strong overexpression/activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) leading to strong, long-lasting activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and AKT and increased schwannoma growth, which we successfully inhibited using the PDGFR/Raf inhibitor sorafenib. However, the benign character of schwannomas may require long-term treatment; thus, drug tolerability is an issue. With the use of Western blotting, proliferation assays, viability assays, and a primary human schwannoma cell in vitro model, we tested the PDGFR/c-KIT inhibitors imatinib (Glivec(;) Novartis) and nilotinib (Tasigna(;) Novartis). Imatinib and nilotinib inhibited PDGF-DD-mediated ERK1/2 activation, basal and PDGF-DD-mediated activation of PDGFR-β and AKT, and schwannoma proliferation. Nilotinib is more potent than imatinib, exerting its maximal inhibitory effect at concentrations lower than steady-state trough plasma levels. In addition, nilotinib combined with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) at low concentrations displayed stronger efficiency toward tumor growth inhibition, compared with nilotinib alone. We suggest that therapy with nilotinib or combinational therapy that simultaneously inhibits PDGFR and the downstream Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway could represent an effective treatment for schwannomas and other merlin-deficient tumors.