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1.
Neurons in the cerebellar cortex of camels were studied using modified Golgi impregnation methods. Neurons were classified according to their position, morphology of their soma, density and distribution of dendrites, and the course of their axons. Accordingly, eight types of neurons were identified. Three types were found in the molecular layer: upper and lower stellate cells and basket cells, and four types were found in the granular layer: granule cells, Golgi Type II cells, Lugaro cells, and unipolar brush cells. Only the somata of Purkinje cells were found in the Purkinje cell layer. The molecular layer is characterized by the presence of more dendrites, dendritic spines, and transverse fibers. Golgi cells also show extensive dendritic branching and spines. The results illustrate the neuronal features of the camel cerebellum as a large mammal living in harsh environmental conditions. These findings should contribute to advancing our understanding of species-comparative anatomy in achieving better coordination of motor activity.  相似文献   
2.
目的:探讨海马外泌体中miR-219a-1-3p对神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs)向神经元分化的影响。方法:切割穹窿海马伞,构建去神经支配海马大鼠模型,分离提取切割组和正常组海马外泌体,与SD大鼠海马NSCs共培养,利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction, Real-time PCR)、Western Blot和免疫荧光技术检测外泌体在NSCs向神经元分化中的作用;通过RNA-seq方法检测外泌体中表达变化的miRNA,利用Real-time PCR对差异表达的miR-219a-1-3p进行验证,并检测其在成年SD大鼠各组织以及NSCs、星形胶质细胞和神经元中的表达水平。利用miR-219a-1-3p mimic转染NSCs,Real-time PCR、Western Blot和细胞免疫荧光检测miR-219a-1-3p对NSCs向神经元分化的影响。结果:切割组海马组织外泌体可促进NSCs向神经元分化;海马组织外泌体中差异表达的miR-219a-1-3p与RNA-seq结果一致;miR-219a-1-3p在端脑和海马中呈现优势表达;miR-219a-1-3p在NSCs中表达较高,而在星形胶质细胞中表达较低;过表达miR-219a-1-3p可抑制NSCs向神经元分化。结论:海马外泌体促进NSCs向神经元分化可能与miR-219a-1-3p下调有关。  相似文献   
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4.
目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对癫痫大鼠海马神经元损伤和小胶质细胞活化的影响及其作用机制。方法 SD大鼠分为对照组(control组)、癫痫模型组(model组)、人参皂苷Rg1低剂量组(Rg1-L组)和人参皂苷剂量组(Rg1-H组),采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品腹腔注射制备癫痫大鼠模型;记录各组大鼠行为学发作情况;ELISA检测各组大鼠海马组织的氧化应激水平;qRT-PCR检测各组海马组织中炎症因子的表达;HE染色观察各组大鼠海马神经元结构和病理形态变化;免疫荧光组织化学染色检测各组大鼠小胶质细胞中iNOS、Arg-1蛋白表达。结果 model组大鼠症状达到Ⅲ级及Ⅲ级以上较control组显著增加,人参皂苷Rg1使大鼠的癫痫症状得到改善;与control组相比,model组大鼠海马组织中MDA(P<0.001)、TNF-αm RNA(P<0.001)、IL-1βmRNA(P<0.001)的表达水平上调,SOD(P<0.001)、IL-10 m RNA(P<0.001)的表达水平下调,而人参皂苷Rg1使大鼠海马组织中MDA(P<0.05)、TNF-αm RNA(P<0.05)、IL-1βmRNA(P<0.05)的表达水平下调,SOD(P<0.05)、IL-10 mRNA(P<0.05)的表达水平上调;model组大鼠海马神经元形态不完整,细胞间间隙增大和排列紊乱,人参皂苷Rg1组大鼠海马神经元形态明显改变,可见细胞排列较规则,大部分细胞形态正常;model组大鼠海马神经元凋亡率显著上升(P<0.001),人参皂苷Rg1组使大鼠海马神经元凋亡率下降(P<0.05);与control组相比,model组大鼠小胶质细胞数量显著增加(P<0.001),iNOS蛋白的表达显著升高(P<0.001),Arg-1蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.001),与model组相比,人参皂苷Rg1组大鼠小胶质细胞数量减少(P<0.05),iNOS蛋白的表达降低(P<0.05),Arg-1蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。结论人参皂苷Rg1降低癫痫大鼠海马组织中iNOS蛋白的表达,增加Arg-1蛋白的表达,抑制小胶质细胞的激活,减轻氧化应激和炎症因子的表达,降低癫痫大鼠发作的等级。  相似文献   
5.
王昊  巩腾 《武警医学》2021,32(7):557-561
 目的 探讨单节段颈椎间盘突出症(cervical disc herniation ,CDH)行前路减压术后继发上肢近端麻痹(proximal upper limb palsy ,PULP)的发作特征及危险因素。方法 回顾性分析颈椎管前路减压分别联合融合或非融合固定术,治疗235例单节段CDH患者资料,术后随访时间均在12个月以上。术前PULP组和非PULP组一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义。按照术前临床表现,分为以脊髓型和神经根型损害两组。减压节段包括C3/4、C4/5、C5/6和C6/7椎间隙。分别比较不同手术节段或术前定位体征亚组间术后PULP发生率。以C5椎体为界,比较其上(下)椎间水平减压术后总体PULP发生率。结果 术后26例PULP患者均接受非手术治疗,末次随访均获得基本缓解。除C4/5椎间隙和C5髓节外,其余节段减压术后亦可继发PULP。C5椎体上(下)各两个椎间减压术后PULP发生率和中下水平4个颈椎间隙减压术后PULP发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义。术前脊髓型表现者,术后PULP发生率高于神经根型表现者,差异有统计学意义。结论 术前为上运动神经元通路损害为主要表现者,CDH前路减压术后更易继发PULP。PULP发作应与固有束神经元体系的早期、可逆和暂时损害密切相关。  相似文献   
6.
李欧  张洁  徐建 《陕西中医》2021,(6):687-691,704
目的:探讨香萱益神方治疗血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠认知功能作用及其对神经元凋亡机制的研究。方法:两血管阻断法建立VD大鼠模型,给予中药方香萱益神方灌胃治疗6周,分别于造模后、中药喂养6周后进行Morris水迷宫行为学检测,测试大鼠认知行为能力改变,行为学测试结束后,检测VD模型大鼠海马中海马组织脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达水平的变化。结果:香萱益神方治疗6周后,血管性痴呆大鼠模型学习记忆能力得到改善,上调脑内海马组织神经营养因子水平,海马神经元凋亡率下降。结论:香萱益神方是治疗血管性痴呆的有效方剂,可以有效改善VD大鼠模型认知行为功能的障碍情况,起到减少海马神经元细胞凋亡,诱导海马神经元细胞修复的作用。香萱益神方可能是通过激活BDNF相关通路,起到保护海马神经元的作用。  相似文献   
7.
The neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid‐ß plaques (AP) that comprise Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology are associated with neurodegeneration and microglial activation. Activated microglia exist on a dynamic spectrum of morphologic subtypes that include resting, surveillant microglia capable of converting to activated, hypertrophic microglia closely linked to neuroinflammatory processes and AD neuropathology in amnestic AD. However, quantitative analyses of microglial subtypes and neurons are lacking in non‐amnestic clinical AD variants, including primary progressive aphasia (PPA‐AD). PPA‐AD is a language disorder characterized by cortical atrophy and NFT densities concentrated to the language‐dominant hemisphere. Here, a stereologic investigation of five PPA‐AD participants determined the densities and distributions of neurons and microglial subtypes to examine how cellular changes relate to AD neuropathology and may contribute to cortical atrophy. Adjacent series of sections were immunostained for neurons (NeuN) and microglia (HLA‐DR) from bilateral language and non‐language regions where in vivo cortical atrophy and Thioflavin‐S‐positive APs and NFTs were previously quantified. NeuN‐positive neurons and morphologic subtypes of HLA‐DR‐positive microglia (i.e., resting [ramified] microglia and activated [hypertrophic] microglia) were quantified using unbiased stereology. Relationships between neurons, microglia, AD neuropathology, and cortical atrophy were determined using linear mixed models. NFT densities were positively associated with hypertrophic microglia densities (P < 0.01) and inversely related to neuron densities (P = 0.01). Hypertrophic microglia densities were inversely related to densities of neurons (P < 0.01) and ramified microglia (P < 0.01). Ramified microglia densities were positively associated with neuron densities (P = 0.02) and inversely related to cortical atrophy (P = 0.03). Our findings provide converging evidence of divergent roles for microglial subtypes in patterns of neurodegeneration, which includes hypertrophic microglia likely driving a neuroinflammatory response more sensitive to NFTs than APs in PPA‐AD. Moreover, the accumulation of both NFTs and activated hypertrophic microglia in association with low neuron densities suggest they may collectively contribute to focal neurodegeneration characteristic of PPA‐AD.  相似文献   
8.
Sleep apnea is highly associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), and both diseases are highly prevalent in the United States. The mechanistic underpinnings that contribute to their association remain uncertain, but numerous possible mechanisms have been proposed, including dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS). Studies have reported that apnea induces hyperactivity of the ANS, leading to increases in AF susceptibility. This review compiles the latest evidence on the role of the ANS in sleep-apnea-induced AF.  相似文献   
9.
目的 探讨脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,Fas)基因沉默对帕金森病大鼠脑纹状体多巴胺能神经元凋亡的影响及机制。方法 取40只大鼠,30只大鼠脑纹状体注射4 μL 6-羟基多巴胺(6-Hydroxydopamine Hydrobromide,6-OHDA)建立帕金森病大鼠模型,剩余10只为假手术组,脑纹状体注射等量2 g/L抗坏血酸的生理盐水; 取建模成功的27只大鼠并随机分为模型组、阴性对照组和沉默组,每组各9只; 阴性对照组和沉默组分别向大鼠纹状体内注射3 μL含无义序列的短片断干扰RNA(Small interfer RNA,siRNA)和Fas siRNA,模型组和假手术组分别向大鼠纹状体内注射等量生理盐水; 干预1周后实时荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)和Western blot检测大鼠纹状体多巴胺能神经元Fas mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平,苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色观察大鼠纹状体多巴胺能神经元损伤情况,原位末端标记法(TdT-mediated dUTP nick and labeling,TUNEL)染色检测大鼠纹状体多巴胺能神经元凋亡,RT-qPCR,Western blot检测纹状体多巴胺能神经元Fas配体(Fas Ligand,Fasl)、Fas相关死亡结构域蛋白(Fas-associateddeathdomain,FADD)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-8(Cysteine containing aspartate-specific proteases-8,Caspase-8)mRNA、蛋白相对表达水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组、阴性对照组和沉默组Fas mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平升高(P<0.05); 与模型组和阴性对照组比较,沉默组Fas mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平降低(P<0.05); HE染色显示,Fas基因沉默后神经元排列紊乱程度及胞质肿胀程度减轻,间质较为清晰,空泡皱缩坏死减少; 与假手术组比较,模型组、阴性对照组和沉默组神经元凋亡率升高(P<0.05); 与模型组和阴性对照组比较,沉默组神经元凋亡率降低(P<0.05); 与假手术组比较,模型组、阴性对照组和沉默组Fasl,FADD,Caspase-8 mRNA及蛋白相对表达水平升高(P<0.05); 与模型组比较,沉默组Fasl,FADD,Caspase-8 mRNA及蛋白相对表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 Fas基因沉默能抑制帕金森病大鼠脑纹状体多巴胺能神经元凋亡,且可能通过下调Fas,Fasl,FADD,Caspase-8 mRNA及蛋白表达水平来发挥调控作用。  相似文献   
10.
The development and survival of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are dependent on multiple trophic factors as well as membrane electrical activity. Semaphorins (Sema) constitute a family of membrane‐associated and secreted proteins that have garnered significant attention as a potential SGN “navigator” during cochlea development. Previous studies using mutant mice demonstrated that Sema3A plays a role in the SGN pathfinding. The mechanisms, however, by which Sema3A shapes SGNs firing behavior are not known. In these studies, we found that Sema3A plays a novel role in regulating SGN resting membrane potential and excitability. Using dissociated SGN from pre‐hearing (P3–P5) and post‐hearing mice (P12–P15), we recorded membrane potentials using whole‐cell patch clamp recording techniques in apical and basal SGN populations. Recombinant Sema3A was applied to examine the effects on intrinsic membrane properties and action potentials evoked by current injections. Apical and basal SGNs from newborn mice treated with recombinant Sema3A (100 ng/ml) displayed a higher resting membrane potential, higher threshold, decreased amplitude, and prolonged latency and duration of spikes. Although a similar phenomenon was observed in SGNs from post‐hearing mice, the resting membrane potential was essentially indistinguishable before and after Sema3A exposure. Sema3A‐mediated changes in membrane excitability were associated with a significant decrease in K+ and Ca2+ currents. Sema3A acts through linopirdine‐sensitive K+ channels in apical, but not in the basal SGNs. Therefore, Sema3A induces differential effects in SGN membrane excitability that are dependent on age and location, and constitutes an additional early and novel effect of Sema3A SGNs in vitro.  相似文献   
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