人参内生菌的研究进展

内生菌由细菌、真菌、古菌和原生生物组成，它们生活在植物的活体组织中，具有丰富的次级代谢产物多样性。人参内生菌在人参的生长发育、次级代谢产物的生成和环境适应等方面均有重要的促进作用，对人参的产量和品质有较大影响。随着人们在微生物领域研究的深入，高通量测序技术已经成为研究植物内生菌的重要方法。文章主要从人参内生菌分离与鉴定研究方法、人参内生菌的多样性、人参内生菌及其次级代谢产物的活性、人参内生菌对宿主的影响等4个方面对人参内生菌近年来的研究进展进行讨论，并对其发展方向提出展望，以期为药用植物内生菌研究和品质改良提供新思路、新方法。     

一株海绵共附生真菌Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019的次级代谢产物及其抑菌活性研究

目的 研究海绵共附生真菌Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019的次级代谢产物及抑菌活性。方法 采用中压硅胶柱色谱、中压反相ODS柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法对发酵产物进行分离和纯化，运用核磁数据及文献对比的方法鉴定化合物结构。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法、改良肉汤稀释法评价化合物的抑菌活性。结果 从其大米发酵产物中分离并鉴定了8个化合物，分别为equisetin(1)、5'-epiequisetin(2)、lumichrome(3)、N-乙酰基色胺(4)、亚油酸(5)、methyl (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate(6)、methyl (2-hydroxyphenyl) acetate(7)和graminin B(8)。化合物1、2和5对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)分别具有不同程度的抑制作用，最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)为2.0~125μg/mL，其中化合物1的抑菌活性最强(MIC值分别为2.0和3.9μg/mL)。结论 从菌株Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019分离得到两个具良好抑菌活性的化合物(1~2)，为将其开发为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的先导化合物提供一定参考。     

高血压与肠道菌群及其代谢物的相关性研究

肠道菌群在人体形成一个庞大而复杂的微生态系统，有重要的生理意义，参与人体的能量代谢、免疫调节等，肠道菌群及其代谢物在多种疾病的发生、发展中起着重要的作用。我国人群50年来高血压患病率呈明显上升趋势，目前我国约有2亿高血压患者，每10个成年人中有2人患高血压[1]。而在高血压的发生、发展过程中，肠道菌群及其代谢物起着重要作用。本文就高血压与肠道菌群及其代谢物的相关性研究做一综述。     

Physiological changes in the hemolymph of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to sublethal nitrite and nitrate stress in low-salinity waters

Juveniles of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (3.3 ± 0.4 g) were exposed separately to nitrite (0.0, 1.1, 2.6, and 5.3 mg/L nitrogen as nitrite [NO₂⁻-N]) and nitrate (0, 90, 225 and 400 mg/L nitrogen as nitrate [NO₃⁻-N]) concentrations equivalent to 0, 10, 25, and 50% of the LC₅₀-96 h value of NO₂⁻-N and NO₃⁻-N in low salinity water (3 g/L). Shrimps responded to nitrite and nitrate according to changes in oxyhemocyanin, glucose, lactate and ion levels in the hemolymph after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of exposure. Oxyhemocyanin levels decreased with increasing nitrite and nitrate levels and were higher at 50% exposure to the contaminants. Compared to the control, glucose and lactate increased significantly at 50% exposure to nitrite and nitrate, particularly at 12 and 24 h. Na⁺ in the hemolymph changed with nitrite and nitrate, while K⁺ only changed ˜with nitrite.     

基于肠道菌群的中药改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究进展

中医药的特色与优势促进了其治疗与胰岛素抵抗相关的慢性代谢性疾病如肥胖、糖尿病等的发展,但其尚不明确的作用机制极大限制了中药现代化、国际化和产业化。随着2代/3代基因测序技术的飞速发展,肠道菌群已成为中药作用机制研究的热点和新途径。为此,探讨肠道菌群及其代谢产物与胰岛素抵抗的关系,从中药复方、药对、单味药和活性成分不同角度系统分析中药通过调控肠道菌群改善胰岛素抵抗的研究进展,以期为阐释中药的作用机制提供研究思路与参考。     

Host–microbiome interactions: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a critical node in tryptophan metabolites to brain signaling

ABSTRACT

Tryptophan (Trp) is not only a nutrient enhancer but also has systemic effects. Trp metabolites signaling through the well-known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) constitute the interface of microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, the pathway through which Trp metabolites affect central nervous system (CNS) function have not been fully elucidated. AhR participates in a broad variety of physiological and pathological processes that also highly relevant to intestinal homeostasis and CNS diseases. Via the AhR-dependent mechanism, Trp metabolites connect bidirectional signaling between the gut microbiome and the brain, mediated via immune, metabolic, and neural (vagal) signaling mechanisms, with downstream effects on behavior and CNS function. These findings shed light on the complex Trp regulation of microbiome-gut-brain axis and add another facet to our understanding that dietary Trp is expected to be a promising noninvasive approach for alleviating systemic diseases.     

不同氮源对丹参和藏丹参毛状根有效成分积累的影响

目的氮素是中药材有效成分积累的重要影响元素,为探讨不同氮源对丹参Salviamiltiorrhiza和藏丹参Salvia castanea毛状根生长和活性成分积累的影响。方法分别采用硝酸铵、水解乳蛋白、蛋白胨、牛肉浸膏、酪蛋白和酵母提取物6种氮源处理对丹参和藏丹参毛状根的影响,分析毛状根生长及活性成分积累的变化。结果硝酸铵最有利于2种丹参毛状根的生长。水解乳蛋白能够显著促进丹酚酸类成分的积累,与硝酸铵对照相比,丹参迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B含量分别提高了2.94倍和3.27倍,藏丹参二者含量分别提高了13.74倍和2.01倍。酵母提取物对2种丹参毛状根二氢丹参酮Ι和隐丹参酮积累的促进效果最为显著,水解乳蛋白能显著促进丹参根中丹参酮IIA的积累,牛肉浸膏则对藏丹参中丹参酮IIA积累的促进作用最为显著。结论硝酸铵是2种丹参毛状根生长的最佳氮源,水解乳蛋白是丹酚酸积累的最佳氮源,不同氮源对4种丹参酮的影响不一致,丹参和藏丹参对不同氮源的响应也不一致。该研究不仅对丹参毛状根规模化培养及活性成分工业化生产具有一定指导意义,也对藏丹参资源的开发利用提供了借鉴作用。     

Antimycobacterial action of a new glycolipid‐peptide complex obtained from extracellular metabolites of Raoultella ornithinolytica

In this paper, an antimycobacterial component of extracellular metabolites of a gut bacterium Raoultella ornithinolytica from D. veneta earthworms was isolated and its antimycobacterial action was tested using Mycobacterium smegmatis. After incubation with the complex obtained, formation of pores and furrows in cell walls was observed using microscopic techniques. The cells lost their shape, stuck together and formed clusters. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that, after incubation, the complex was attached to the cell walls of the Mycobacterium. Analyses of the component performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated high similarity to a bacteriocin nisin, but energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis revealed differences in the elemental composition of this antimicrobial peptide. The component with antimycobacterial activity was identified using mass spectrometry techniques as a glycolipid–peptide complex. As it exhibits no cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts, the glycolipid–peptide complex appears to be a promising compound for investigations of its activity against pathogenic mycobacteria.     

Using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for clinical assessment of vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D is responsible for multiple metabolic functions in humans. Rickets are the most common disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. It is caused by poor calcium intake resulting in poor serum-ionized calcium. The purpose of this study is to develop a rapid, sensitive, and feasible method to determine the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels in blood samples for clinical assessment. In this study, gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry with trimethylsilyl derivatization (TMS-GC-MS) is the most suitable protocol for quantitative analyses of 25(OH)D3. Performance of method was evaluated and compared with liquid chromatography and immunoassay. Method validation has been carried out with plasma specimens. The limit of quantitation of TMS-GC-MS method is 1.5 ppb with good linear correlation. Furthermore, the dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and non-vegetarians in Taiwan were assessed by our validated method. As a result, this vitamin D nutrition survey demonstrates that most Taiwanese people have insufficient vitamin D. Due to dietary habits; the male vegans may have the highest risk of vitamin D deficiency.     

Metabolic profiles of corydaline in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

1. Corydaline, an isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from the rhizomes of Corydalis yanhusuo, exhibits anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying activities. In this study, a rapid and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) method was developed and employed for the comprehensive study of the metabolites of corydaline in rats.

2. Altogether, 43 metabolites were identified in the plasma (11), bile (9), urine (34) and feces (21) of rats after oral administration of corydaline at a dose of 4.5mg/kg.

3. It was demonstrated that demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic transformation pathways. Among these, two metabolites were identified as tetrahydropalmatine and isocorybulbine, and 33 phase I and phase II products were inferred to be new metabolites arising from the in vivo metabolism of corydaline.

4. Importantly, this research provides scientific and reliable support for full understanding of the metabolic profiles of corydaline and the results could help to elucidate its safety and efficacy.