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1.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is the most commonly used geochronometer, preserving age and geochemical information through a wide range of geological processes. However, zircon U–Pb geochronology can be affected by redistribution of radiogenic Pb, which is incompatible in the crystal structure. This phenomenon is particularly common in zircon that has experienced ultra-high temperature metamorphism, where ion imaging has revealed submicrometer domains that are sufficiently heterogeneously distributed to severely perturb ages, in some cases yielding apparent Hadean (>4 Ga) ages from younger zircons. Documenting the composition and mineralogy of these Pb-enriched domains is essential for understanding the processes of Pb redistribution in zircon and its effects on geochronology. Using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, we show that Pb-rich domains previously identified in zircons from East Antarctic granulites are 5–30 nm nanospheres of metallic Pb. They are randomly distributed with respect to zircon crystallinity, and their association with a Ti- and Al-rich silica melt suggests that they represent melt inclusions generated during ultra-high temperature metamorphism. Metallic Pb is exceedingly rare in nature and previously has not been reported in association with high-grade metamorphism. Formation of these metallic nanospheres within annealed zircon effectively halts the loss of radiogenic Pb from zircon. Both the redistribution and phase separation of radiogenic Pb in this manner can compromise the precision and accuracy of U–Pb ages obtained by high spatial resolution methods.Zircon is the mineral of choice for precisely determining the timing of both magmatism and metamorphism in a wide range of geological samples as well as providing constraints on the source and time of deposition of clastic sedimentary rocks. Accurate zircon geochronometry is facilitated by zircon having a lattice structure that is stable over a wide range of temperatures and pressures (1), together with the fact that whatever Pb is present derives almost entirely from radioactive decay of U and Th. During its growth, zircon incorporates small amounts of nonformula elements, including Hf, Ti, and Y, and rare earth elements, U and Th, but generally excludes Pb. This incompatibility of Pb raises questions about how radiogenic Pb is retained in zircon, especially through geological events where elevated temperature, fluid activity, and deformation can enhance element mobility. Furthermore it has been established that an irregular redistribution of lead in metamorphic zircon can degrade the precision and accuracy of U–Pb isotopic data, in extreme cases leading to spurious ages (2, 3).Experimental and natural studies have revealed that element mobility in zircon is strongly dependent on the accumulation of α-recoil damage (4, 5). Multiple α-decay events along the U and Th decay chains leading to stable daughter Pb isotopes destroy the crystal lattice, creating amorphous domains tens of nanometers in size (6, 7). As the number of these domains increases over time, they begin to overlap until the so-called first percolation point is reached at 2.2 × 1018 α-decay events per gram (8). At this point, the zircon is considered “metamict,” and the diffusivity of Pb and other elements is enhanced compared with diffusion in crystalline zircon. Therefore, loss of Pb from metamict zircon is highly likely and is further enhanced by the chemical instability of amorphous materials (9). Although healing of radiation damage occurs during metamorphism, its degree and nature is dependent on the U content, the density of radiation damage, and the temperatures involved. Zircon with concentrations of U and Th typical of those found in common rocks (less than 0.5%) will not accumulate significant radiation damage above ca. 350–400 °C (5, 10). However, in zircon that is already metamict, complete recovery through thermal annealing will not occur at these temperatures (5). During high-temperature metamorphism (>600 °C), there is a complex interplay of factors at work on zircon that can act both for and against preservation of initial U–Th–Pb isotopic signatures and thus its ability to preserve accurate age information.Migration of radiogenic Pb in zircon has been established by several studies that reveal heterogeneous distribution of Pb on various length scales. These include transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies (11), ion microprobe imaging (2) and tomography (12), and atom probe tomography (13), the latter study suggesting that migration occurs by diffusion of Pb through crystalline zircon into noncrystalline domains produced by α-recoil damage.In the Napier Complex of Enderby Land, East Antarctica, metasedimentary and metaigneous gneisses preserve zircon ages greater than 3.8 Ga (14, 15). The central–western part of the Napier Complex experienced an early metamorphic event at ∼2.8 Ga (16) and then underwent ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphism at ca. 2,550–2,480 Ma (17), with peak temperatures of ∼1,050–1,120 °C and pressures of 7–11 kbar (16). The isotopic complexity of zircon grains from Enderby Land was recognized in the earliest studies that used secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for U–Pb dating (18, 19). The reliability of the oldest zircon ages, which include some reversely discordant analyses (i.e., with U–Pb ages older than 207Pb/206Pb ages), has been questioned based on evidence from ion imaging for disturbance of the U–Pb system (2). This is important because 207Pb/206Pb ages are generally considered to be more robust than U–Pb ages for older zircons. However, if radiogenic Pb has been decoupled from its parent U and not locally incorporated into the crystal lattice during an ancient geological event, when radiogenic 207Pb/206Pb values are significantly higher than at present, reverse discordance and spuriously old 207Pb/206Pb age estimates may result (2, 3, 18).  相似文献   
2.
以乙烯基萘(VN)为聚合单体,采用乳液聚合法制备聚乙烯基萘(PVN)纳米微球。通过对其羧基化与β2微球蛋白(β2-M)抗体偶联,制成免疫检测试剂。分别用聚苯乙烯(PS)和 PVN 检测试剂测定β2-M 含量,数据经统计学处理和分析,对自制的 PVN 纳米微球胶乳增强免疫比浊( LE-TIA)检测试剂的性能进行评价。自制的羧基化 PVN 纳米微球免疫试剂成功对标准样本进行了检测并在一定范围内有较好的线性,比 PS 检测试剂更加灵敏。利用该研究采用的方法和条件可以成功制备粒径大小可控、单分散的羧基化PVN 纳米微球,是比 PS 更优的 LETIA 新载体,具有很好的临床应用前景。  相似文献   
3.
Antibody-mediated targeting therapy has been successful in treating patients with cancers by improving the specificity and clinical efficacy. In this study, we developed a human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) antibody-conjugated drug delivery system, using near-infrared (NIR) light-sensitive liposomes containing doxorubicin (DOX) and hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNS). We demonstrated the specific binding and selective toxicity of the system to HER2-positive tumor cells in co-cultures of HER2-positive and -negative cells. Furthermore, the HER2-antibody-mediated delivery of targeted liposomes was confirmed in a double-tumor model in nude mice simultaneously bearing HER2-positive and -negative tumors. This induced a >2-fold increased accumulation in the tumors with positive expression of HER2 than that with non-targeted liposomes (no HER2-antibody conjugation). The combination of targeted liposomes with NIR laser irradiation had significant antitumor activity in vivo with the tumor inhibition efficiency up to 92.7%, attributed to the increased accumulation in tumors and the double efficacy of photothermal-chemotherapy. Moreover, targeted liposomes did not cause systemic toxicity during the experiment period, attributable to the reduced dose of DOX, the decreased accumulation of liposomes in normal tissues, and the low irradiation power. The targeted liposomes provide a multifunctional nanotechnology platform for antibody-mediated delivery, light-trigged drug release, and combined photothermal-chemotherapy, which may have potential in the clinical treatment of cancer.  相似文献   
4.
The calorimetric trace of polymer spheres shows an increase of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg), with respect to its bulk value. This increase is evaluated by means of an entropy model, where the 3D confinement leads to a limiting number of repeating polymer units in the sphere, and thus to a reduction of the possible configuration states of the polymer chains. This is ultimately related to variations in the bulk value of the Tg. Also, the way the polymer nature affects how confinement takes place and how restrictions imposed affect the way a polymer forms cooperative rearranging regions at Tg are presented.

  相似文献   

5.
A series of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs) with sizes ranging from 100 to 400 nm were synthesized and used for primary ultrasound imaging (US) efficiency assessment. The 400 nm HSNSs were chosen as platform for conjugation with Gd-DTPA and cyclo-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid c(RGD) peptide to construct US and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual-modal contrast agents (CAs): [HSNSs@(DTPA-Gd)-RGD]. The obtained CAs displayed good physiological stability, low cytotoxicity and negligible hemolytic activity in vitro. Furthermore, the passive accumulation and active-targeting of the HSNSs in the tumor site of mice was demonstrated by US and MR imaging, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative biodistribution of the HSNSs showed that they mainly accumulated in the tissues of liver, lung, tumor after intravenous administration and then be excreted from feces. In addition, histological, hematological, blood and biochemical analysis were used to further study toxicity of the HSNSs, and all results indicated that there were no covert toxicity of HSNSs in mice after long exposure times. Findings from this study indicated that the silica-based paramagnetic HSNSs can be used as a platform for long-term targeted imaging and therapy studies safely in vivo.  相似文献   
6.
For practical adipose regeneration, the challenge is to dynamically deliver the key adipogenic insulin-like growth factors in hydrogels to induce adipogenesis. In order to achieve dynamic release, smart hydrogels to sense the change in the blood glucose concentration is required when glucose concentration increases. In this study, a heparin-based hydrogel has been developed for use in dynamic delivery of heparin nanospheres containing insulin-like growth factor. The gel scaffold was facilely prepared in physiological conditions by the formation of boronate-maltose ester cross-links between boronate and maltose groups of heparin derivatives. Due to its intrinsic glucose-sensitivity, the exposure of gel scaffold to glucose induces maltose functionalized nanospheres dissociation off hydrogel network and thereby could dynamically move into the microenvironment. The potential of the hydrogel as a cell scaffold was demonstrated by encapsulation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) within the gel matrix in vitro. Cell culture showed that this dynamic hydrogel could support survival and proliferation of ASCs. This biocompatible coupling chemistry has the advantage that it introduces no potentially cytotoxic groups into injectable gel scaffolds formed and can create a more biomimetic microenvironment for drug and cell delivery, rendering them more suitable for potential in vivo biomedical applications. All these results indicate that this biocompatible gel scaffold can render the formulation of a therapeutically effective platform for diabetes treatment and adipose regeneration.  相似文献   
7.
Nanomaterials (NMs) generally display fascinating physical and chemical properties that are not always present in bulk materials; therefore, any modification to their size, shape, or coating tends to cause significant changes in their chemical/physical and biological characteristics. The dramatic increase in efforts to use NMs renders the risk assessment of their toxicity highly crucial due to the possible health perils of this relatively uncharted territory. The different sizes and shapes of the nanoparticles are known to have an impact on organisms and an important place in clinical applications. The shape of nanoparticles, namely, whether they are rods, wires, or spheres, is a particularly critical parameter to affect cell uptake and site‐specific drug delivery, representing a significant factor in determining the potency and magnitude of the effect. This review, therefore, intends to offer a picture of research into the toxicity of different shapes (nanorods, nanowires, and nanospheres) of NMs to in vitro and in vivo models, presenting an in‐depth analysis of health risks associated with exposure to such nanostructures and benefits achieved by using certain model organisms in genotoxicity testing. Nanotoxicity experiments use various models and tests, such as cell cultures, cores, shells, and coating materials. This review article also attempts to raise awareness about practical applications of NMs in different shapes in biology, to evaluate their potential genotoxicity, and to suggest approaches to explain underlying mechanisms of their toxicity and genotoxicity depending on nanoparticle shape.  相似文献   
8.
目的:探讨由不同表面活性剂所合成的SiO2介孔中空纳米球对于人体的安全性问题。方法:以人肝细胞株L02作为受试细胞,采用MTT法。结果:低浓度时SiO2介孔中空纳米球载体对细胞毒性较小,高浓度时毒性较大;在合成过程中引入pluronic F127后,SiO2介孔中空纳米球的细胞毒性增大。结论:剂量是决定SiO2介孔中空纳米球毒性大小的一个重要因素;合成过程中不同表面活性剂的引入可能导致其细胞毒性的增大。  相似文献   
9.
目的探究磁性二氧化硅纳米微球作为一种干细胞表面的潜在标记物,对人脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, UCMSCs)的表面干性标志物表达、细胞增殖和迁移能力等生物学活性的影响。方法先采用溶剂热法和Stber方法制备一种生物相容性高的磁性二氧化硅纳米微球,再通过组织块培养法分离和原代培养UCMSCs,并依次采用显微镜、流式细胞术和三系分化等手段观察与鉴定其干细胞基本特性;其次,将不同质量浓度(1、10、50、100、200 μg/mL)磁性二氧化硅纳米微球与上述细胞共孵育,并通过磁分离获得微球标记的干细胞;最后,通过倒置显微镜成像、流式细胞术、CCK-8法检测和细胞划痕实验等技术,评估其对干细胞的细胞形态、表面干性标志物表达、增殖和迁移能力等活性的影响。结果本研究成功分离和原代培养出了具有干细胞基本特性的UCMSCs;显微镜成像观察到不同质量浓度的磁性二氧化硅纳米微球均可标记UCMSCs;CCK-8法检测显示微球在浓度为1 μg/mL时能够促进该干细胞的增殖,而随着微球质量浓度(10、50、100、200 μg/mL)的增大,其对细胞增殖抑制作用亦增强;流式分析和细胞迁移结果表明10 μg/mL微球对标记细胞的表面干细胞标记物表达和迁移能力无明显干扰。结论磁性二氧化硅纳米微球可用于标记UCMSCs,且在低浓度剂量下不会对该细胞表面干性标志物表达、增殖和迁移等活性造成显著干扰。  相似文献   
10.
目的 体外观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basie fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)聚乳酸纳米缓释微球对人脂肪干细胞增殖和成脂分化的影响,为bFGF缓释微球应用于脂肪组织工程的研究提供理论依据.方法 体外分离培养脂肪干细胞,并行多向诱导分化鉴定.配制含有0、1、2、3、4、5 mg/ml bFGF聚乳酸缓释微球的脂肪干细胞培养液及成脂分化诱导液.将脂肪干细胞接种至96孔板,第2天更换含不同浓度hFGF缓释微球的培养液和成脂诱导液,分别用四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)和油红O定量检测法定期检测细胞增殖和成脂分化的情况.所得数据均用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学处理.结果 bFGF聚乳酸缓释微球有明显促进脂肪干细胞增殖和成脂分化的作用.增殖实验和成脂诱导实验合适的作用浓度分别为3 mg/ml和4 mg/ml.结论 bFGF聚乳酸纳米缓释微球体外可以明显促进脂肪下细胞的增殖和成脂分化,可作为一种较理想的细胞因子缓释系统应用于脂肪组织工程的研究.  相似文献   
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