莫西沙星联合信必可都保对AECOPD疗效及免疫炎症反应的影响

目的探讨维生素D(VitD)联合鱼油对糖尿病前期(PDM)患者糖脂代谢、胰岛β细胞功能的影响。 方法选取PDM患者132例,随机均分为联合组(VitD+鱼油)、VitD组(VitD)和对照组(不干预)。比较各组糖脂代谢、胰岛β细胞功能、炎症反应、血管内皮功能等指标。 结果与干预前比较,干预后联合组甘油三酯降低,白细胞介素-10增高(P＜0.05),联合组和VitD组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肿瘤坏死因子-α、胰岛素抵抗指数、前列腺素E2、瘦素、抵抗素降低(P＜0.05),空腹胰岛素、胰岛β细胞功能指数、脂联素增高(P＜0.05),且联合组改善更为明显(P＜0.05)。 结论维生素D联合鱼油治疗PDM患者可改善其脂代谢和胰岛功能相关指标,具有一定临床应用价值。     

哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠联合莫西沙星治疗COPD合并急性下呼吸道感染的临床观察

目的观察哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠联合莫西沙星治疗COPD合并急性下呼吸道感染患者的临床疗效。方法选取120例COPD合并急性下呼吸道感染患者随机分为3组,对照1组(40例)给予哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦抗感染治疗;对照2组(40例)给予莫西沙星抗感染治疗;联合治疗组(40例)给予哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦联合莫西沙星联合治疗。分别于治疗前后比较急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)及呼吸困难评分;并分析痰样本,对比治疗后的细菌清除率、真菌感染率及临床疗效。结果联合治疗组的总有效率为87.5%,对照1组和对照2组总有效率分别为57.5%和62.5%,组间比较差异显著(P0.05);联合治疗组APACHEⅡ和呼吸困难得分低于对照1组和对照2组(P0.01)。联合治疗组细菌清除率高于对照1组和对照2组(P0.01)且联合治疗组在抗感染方面体现极显著优越性(P0.01)。结论联合使用抗生素治疗COPD合并急性下呼吸道感染可减少不必要的细菌侵入,可有效地防治COPD患者的真菌感染,改善其预后。     

Salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), defined as Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, is challenging under the best of circumstances, and particularly in resource-limited settings. For patients who remain persistently sputum-culture-positive despite therapy with second-line TB drugs, treatment options are limited, especially if disease is too advanced for resective surgery. Salvage therapy refers to the design of a regimen combining new and previously used drugs in a final effort to attain sputum conversion before declaring treatment to have failed. We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of salvage therapy in 213 Peruvian patients. Salvage regimens included a median of two new drugs (range 1–6) and nine (range 5–13) total (new plus previously used) drugs. The most frequently used new drug was moxifloxacin, followed by capreomycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, kanamycin and clarithromycin. Culture conversion occurred in 65 (30.5%) patients. Salvage regimens that included moxifloxacin were significantly more likely to be followed by culture conversion (OR 2.2; p 0.02). Later-generation fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin should be used in salvage therapy but also in the initial treatment of MDR-TB, if the best clinical strategy is to use the most effective drugs when the patient has the best chance for cure. New TB drugs are most likely to be initially used in salvage patients, in conditions similar to those described here. Close bacteriological monitoring of these patients will be essential, as useful information about the best way to use these new drugs can be gained from analysis of salvage therapy cohorts.     

莫西沙星注射液导致全身皮疹的迟发型过敏反应

目的分析莫西沙星注射液导致全身皮疹的迟发型过敏反应。方法临床药师参与患者应用莫西沙星注射液后第8天出现全身皮疹的迟发型过敏反应的治疗,对其发生原因进行探讨。结果与结论该例患者的皮疹与莫西沙星注射液的相关性极大。莫西沙星注射液导致的迟发型过敏反应,医师、药师及护士应予以高度重视,同时做好药物不良反应的监测。     

IV-to-oral switch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: focus on gatifloxacin

The majority of the 1.1 million patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the United States begin therapy with an intravenous antibiotic. A switch to oral therapy as soon as patients are clinically stable reduces the length of hospitalization and associated costs. Fluoroquinolones are appropriate candidates for switch therapy. Gatifloxacin is an excellent choice when a fluoroquinolone is being considered for sequential switch therapy in the treatment of CAP requiring hospitalization.     

Stability of moxifloxacin injection in peritoneal dialysis solution bags (Dianeal PD1 1.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Moxifloxacin is a new fluorquinolone with broad-spectrum activity. It is suitable for treating peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The objective of this study was to test stability of moxifloxacin in PD solutions stored at different temperatures. METHODS: Dialysis solution bags were used at two glucose concentrations; Dianeal PD1 1.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%. Moxifloxacin solution (2%) was injected into nine 2-L bags of Dianeal PD1 1.36% and nine bags of Dianeal PD1 3.86% under aseptic conditions to achieve a nominal concentration of 25 mg/L. Three bags of Dianeal PD1 1.36% and three bags of Dianeal PD1 3.86% were stored at each of three temperatures (4, 25 and 37 degrees C) and the same way for. Duplicate samples (2 mL) were taken at different times and precipitation, cloudiness, colour and pH was analysed. Moxifloxacin concentrations were measured using a modified HPLC method. RESULTS: The mean moxifloxacin concentration in the Dianeal PD1 1.36% solution remained > or =90% of the initial concentration for 14 days at 4 degrees C, 7 days at 25 degrees C and 3 days at 37 degrees C. For Dianeal PD1 3.86% moxifloxacin concentrations remained > or =90% for 14 days at 4 degrees C, 3 days at 25 degrees C and 12 h at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Moxifloxacin shows sufficient stability in both PD bags for use in PD patients.     

Does moxifloxacin alter oxidant status in the cornea? An experimental study

Objective: In this experimental study, we investigated the possible effects of intracameral moxifloxacin on oxidative stress parameters and endothelial cell morphology in corneal tissue.

Methods: In total, 30 rats were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 rats: the sham group (Group 1, n?=?10); the control group (Group 2), where balanced salt solution (BSS) was administered at a dose of 0.01?cc (n?=?10); and the treatment group (Group 3), where moxifloxacin was administered at a dose of 0.05?mg/0.01?cc (n?=?10). Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in corneal tissue and blood samples were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Also, corneal tissue histopathology was evaluated with caspase-3 and caspase-8 staining. Apoptotic activity was also evaluated.

Results: In blood samples, TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were not statistically significantly different (all p?>?0.05). Compared with the sham and control groups, TOS and OSI levels in cornea tissue were significantly different in the moxifloxacin group (all p?p?>?0.05). Compared with the sham and control groups, apoptotic activity was higher in the moxifloxacin group, in both immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and caspase-8.

Conclusions: Intracameral moxifloxacin injection seems to be safe systemically, but it may have toxic effects on corneal tissues, as suggested by oxidative stress parameters and a histopathological evaluation.     

Topical ocular delivery of fluoroquinolones

Introduction: Topical fluoroquinolones are used in ophthalmology to treat ocular infections. They are bactericidal and inhibit bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Fluoroquinolones possess two ionizable groups: a carboxylic group (pKa₁ = 5.5 – 6.34) and a heterocyclic group (pKa₂ = 7.6 – 9.3), in the nucleus, which acquire charge at pH above and below the isoelectric point (pI = 6.75 – 7.78). At isoelectric point, fluoroquinolones remain unionized and show enhanced corneal penetration but exhibit reduced aqueous solubility and the drug may precipitate from aqueous solution. Aqueous ophthalmic solutions of fluoroquinolones are obtained by using hydrochloride or mesylate salt which is acidic and irritating to the eyes. Hence, pH of the solution is kept between 5 and 7 to ensure aqueous solubility and minimum ocular irritation.

Areas covered: This review gives an overview of various physicochemical and formulation factors affecting the ocular delivery of fluoroquinolones and strategies for getting higher ocular bioavailability for ocular delivery of fluoroquinolones. These strategies could be employed to improve efficacy of fluoroquinolones in eye preparation.

Expert opinion: Broad-spectrum antibacterials, such as the ophthalmic fluoroquinolones, are powerful weapons for treating and preventing potentially sight-threatening infections. The fourth-generation fluoroquinolones have quickly assumed an outstanding place in the ophthalmic applications. Especially valuable for their broad-spectrum coverage against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, these agents have become the anti-infective of preference for many ophthalmologists. Moxifloxacin seems to be a promising powerful molecule among all fluoroquinolones for treatment of bacterial infections.     

妇科千金片联合莫西沙星治疗急性盆腔炎60例临床分析

目的：探讨妇科千金片联合莫西沙星治疗急性盆腔炎的临床效果。方法：将2009年2月至2011年2月收治的急性盆腔炎患者120例随机分为观察组和对照组各60例，观察组采用妇科千金片联合莫西沙星治疗，对照组采用头孢三嗪联合替硝唑治疗，比较两组临床效果。结果：观察组疗效明显优于对照组（P〈0．05），两组不良反应发生率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：妇科千金片联合莫西沙星治疗急性盆腔炎的效果优于头孢三嗪联合替硝唑，且不良反应少，建议临床推广应用。