黄芪活血功效及现代药理学研究进展

黄芪始载于《神农本草经》,有补气升阳、益卫固表,利水消肿,托毒生肌之效。被誉为补气健脾之要药,临床上常用于气虚乏力、脾虚泄泻等疾病,已为医者所熟知。近年来,研究学者围绕其补气、健脾、利水功效机制已有较全面的认识。然陶弘景在《本草经集注》首载黄芪"逐五脏间恶血",表明本品兼有活血作用。目前,对于本品活血作用机制阐释,中医常基于"补气活血""气行血行"理论进行论证,但并不等同于本品无活血作用。通过梳理历代本草文献中对黄芪的记载,发现其活血作用应用广泛。综合传统方剂与现代方剂中有关其活血作用的应用,本品在方中行活血通络、活血利水、活血扶正作用,尤能体现其活血作用。且现代药理学研究在有关瘀血病理指标的分子机制中,黄芪有很好的调控作用,表明黄芪有活血作用,但未深入探究,存在研究价值。该文从历代文献对黄芪活血功效的论述、黄芪活血作用的临床应用及现代药理学研究深入探讨其活血作用机制,以期扩展黄芪的临床应用范围,为临床治疗提供理论指导。     

基于现代医学诊疗模式的非小细胞肺癌中医证型梳理与浅析

肺癌为中国常见的呼吸道恶性肿瘤，其发病率及病死率常年占据中国恶性肿瘤首位，随着现代分子生物学研究进展，综合治疗使得肺癌患者的生存时间明显延长。基于西医的综合治疗方案，中国中西医结合的综合治疗因中医独特的辨证观和整体观在提高疗效、改善患者生活质量、减轻不良反应、延长生存期方面发挥着积极的作用，因此基于现代医学诊疗方案下患者的证型研究尤为重要。文章将梳理非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者现代医学诊疗模式下的中医证型，以此指导今后中西医结合的综合治疗，从而更好地提高非小细胞肺癌患者的生存及生活质量。     

慢性难愈性创面的治疗研究进展

慢性难愈性创面(Chronic Refractory Wounds，CRW)成为外科创面治疗的棘手问题，给患者生理心理和经济造成了极大的负担，CRW发生发展的最终转归因临床上治疗方法呈现多样化，临床上对慢性创面的治疗方法呈现多样化，现就中医和现代医学对慢性创面的治疗作一综述。     

康复理念结合针灸推拿对小儿发育迟缓的康复效果

目的分析在小儿发育迟缓的治疗中应用针灸推拿结合现代康复理念对患儿康复效果的影响。方法按照随机数字表法将2017年2月—2019年2月本院收治的88例发育迟缓患儿进行分组调查,分别为对照组(针灸推拿治疗)和试验组(现代康复理念结合针灸推拿治疗),每组各包含患者44例,比较两组患者的康复效果。结果两组患者治疗前的肢体活动能力量表(GMFM)和日常生活能力(Barthel)量表评分差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组患儿治疗后的GMFM和Barthel评分相较于试验组明显更低(P<0.05)。结论现代康复理念结合针灸推拿能够有效改善小儿发育迟缓患者的预后,对于提高患儿康复速度和生活能力具有重要意义,疗效确切。     

Late Pleistocene age and archaeological context for the hominin calvaria from GvJm-22 (Lukenya Hill,Kenya)

Kenya National Museums Lukenya Hill Hominid 1 (KNM-LH 1) is a Homo sapiens partial calvaria from site GvJm-22 at Lukenya Hill, Kenya, associated with Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological deposits. KNM-LH 1 is securely dated to the Late Pleistocene, and samples a time and region important for understanding the origins of modern human diversity. A revised chronology based on 26 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates on ostrich eggshells indicates an age range of 23,576–22,887 y B.P. for KNM-LH 1, confirming prior attribution to the Last Glacial Maximum. Additional dates extend the maximum age for archaeological deposits at GvJm-22 to >46,000 y B.P. (>46 kya). These dates are consistent with new analyses identifying both Middle Stone Age and LSA lithic technologies at the site, making GvJm-22 a rare eastern African record of major human behavioral shifts during the Late Pleistocene. Comparative morphometric analyses of the KNM-LH 1 cranium document the temporal and spatial complexity of early modern human morphological variability. Features of cranial shape distinguish KNM-LH 1 and other Middle and Late Pleistocene African fossils from crania of recent Africans and samples from Holocene LSA and European Upper Paleolithic sites.For Late Pleistocene African populations of modern humans, the constellation of behavioral changes encapsulated in the transition from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) to the Later Stone Age (LSA) ∼70–20 kya represents a series of some of the most pronounced changes in the archaeological record before the adoption of domesticated animals and plants and the use of ceramics for cooking and storage. It is among LSA sites that the strongest parallels with ethnographic and historic foragers are observed. Typical archaeological signatures include lithic technologies focused on the production of microliths (small flakes, blades, and bladelets with one edge blunted or “backed”) from bipolar, single-, and opposed-platform cores; an increased use of ground-stone tools; and implements made of wood and bone. These new technologies occur with the appearance of material correlates of social identity and networks of long-distance exchange, including ostrich eggshell (OES) beads, ochre, and nonlocal stone raw material, as well as increased dietary breadth, all consistent with larger, more dense, or more interconnected populations (1–9).This same interval of ∼70–20 kya witnessed a number of human dispersals across Africa, with eastern Africa host to one or more candidate populations for the expansion of Homo sapiens out of Africa (10–15). However, the eastern African hominin fossil record for this interval is extremely sparse and poorly dated, and it consists largely of isolated teeth or highly fragmentary crania and postcrania (16–18). Here, we reassess the age and context of the Kenya National Museums Lukenya Hill Hominid 1 (KNM-LH 1) partial calvaria from site GvJm-22 at Lukenya Hill, Kenya, the only eastern African fossil hominin from a Last Glacial Maximum [LGM; 19–26.4 kya (19)] LSA archaeological context. We construct a revised accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon chronology built on 26 new dates on OES fragments. The revised chronology confirms the LGM age of KNM-LH 1 and expands the maximum age of the site to beyond the limits of the radiocarbon method. Increased radiometric age is consistent with new technological analyses that demonstrate previously unrecognized MSA elements that indicate assemblages spanning the MSA/LSA transition from deposits underlying KNM-LH 1. Morphometric analyses using a robust comparative dataset demonstrate the variability among African Late Pleistocene hominins, including candidate populations for out-of-Africa dispersals. They indicate that KNM-LH 1 is distinct from (i) modern Africans, (ii) H. sapiens from Holocene LSA sites, and (iii) European Upper Paleolithic modern humans, suggesting that it may sample a now extinct lineage.     

贝叶斯网络在中医药领域的研究现状及展望

贝叶斯网络技术的信息处理过程与中医辨证思维相吻合,目前已广泛应用于中医证候规律探究、名老中医经验传承、中药药性研究、疾病干预措施疗效评价及现代化中医诊断技术中,将复杂多样的中医数据转变成客观、量化的标准。目前中医辅助诊疗系统已建立并不断完善,促进了临床辅助诊疗及远程医疗的发展。贝叶斯网络技术在中医药研究的诸多领域发挥着重要作用,但仍存在有待改进之处:首先,样本数据的支持力度不足,扩大样本数量、提高样本质量是进一步实现数据分析客观化的必要选择;其次,贝叶斯网络算法利用频率进行,一旦出现频率较低的症状、证候要素及证型时,算法会在变量筛选的过程中将其舍弃,从而导致信息获取不全面,影响结果的准确性,故需进一步获取更多的高质量样本,加强对精进算法的探索。随着研究的不断深入,今后亟需建立智能化的中医药诊疗系统,提供个体化的治疗处方及调理建议,以发挥中医药"未病先防,既病防变"的诊疗优势。     

中医辨治小儿遗尿的古往今来

小儿之体有别于成人,形神体用皆娇弱柔嫩,遗尿之病时有发生。余思中医传承千年而不衰,故当上下求索,于古今往来间探寻其辨治小儿遗尿之道,以明求其因而知其机,通研其理法方药,以解小儿遗尿之苦。言小儿遗尿之病总不离于肾之虚,而五脏六腑皆可相关,其机乃属三焦失司而膀胱不约,其治当以补肾固本止遗为要,寒热虚实者,则随证而治。而专方成药者常有其便利之处,临证遣方用药多可加之用之。     

Long-term effects of mustard gas on respiratory system of Iranian veterans after Iraq-lran war： a review

To review long-term respiratory effects of mustard gas on Iranian veterans having undergone Iraq-Iran war. Electronic databases of Scopus, Medline, ISI, IranMedex, and Irandoc sites were searched. We accepted articles published in scientific journals as a quality criterion. The main pathogenic factors are free radical mediators. Prevalence of pulmonary involvement is approximately 42.5%. The most common complaints are cough and dyspnea. Major respiratory complications are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and asthma. Spirometry results can reveal restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease. Plain chest X-ray does not help in about 50% of lung diseases. High-resolution CT of the lung is the best modality for diagnostic assessment of parenchymal lung and bronchi. There is no definite curative treatment for mustard lung. The effective treatment regimens consist of oxygen administration, use of vaporized moist air, respiratory physiotherapy, administration of mucolytic agents, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and long-acting beta-2 agonists, antioxidants, surfactant, magnesium ions, therapeutic bronchoscopy, laser therapy, placement of respiratory stents, early tracheostomy in laryngospasm, and ultimately lung transplantation. High-resolution CT of the lung is the most accurate modality for the evaluation of the lung parenchyma and bronchi. The treatment efficacy of patients exposed to mustard gas depends on patient conditions (acute or chronic, upper or lower respiratory tract involvement). There are various treatment protocols, but unfortunately none of them is definitely curable.     

舰艇官兵长时间远洋护航内分泌激素变化研究

目的探讨远洋护航舰艇官兵护航前后体内内分泌的变化及可能原因,为制定保障长期远洋护航舰艇官兵身心健康的措施提供依据。方法检测80名舰艇官兵护航前、后及护航结束6个月后体内各项内分泌激素含量,行血清皮质醇(COR)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(PROG)、睾酮(T)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、心钠素(ANP)、胃泌素(GAS)、神经降压素(NT)、肾上腺髓质激素(ADM)测定。结果护航后COR、TT3、TT4、TSH、E2、GAS、T、ANP、NT、ADM、PROG、PRL较护航前显著升高(P<0.01),LH、FSH有所降低但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。返航6个月与护航前比较,14种内分泌激素差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论长时间护航后,引发舰艇官兵某些内分泌激素指标发生改变,对护航舰艇官兵身心健康有一定程度的影响,但返航6个月后内分泌激素指标恢复正常,不会造成长久的激素紊乱。