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Ancestors of the Antarctic icefishes (family Channichthyidae) were benthic and had no swim bladder, making it energetically expensive to rise from the ocean floor. To exploit the water column, benthopelagic icefishes were hypothesized to have evolved a skeleton with “reduced bone,” which gross anatomical data supported. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to icefish bones also occurred below the level of gross anatomy. Histology and micro-CT imaging of representative craniofacial bones (i.e., ceratohyal, frontal, dentary, and articular) of extant Antarctic fish species specifically evaluated two features that might cause the appearance of “reduced bone”: bone microstructure (e.g., bone volume fraction and structure linear density) and bone mineral density (BMD, or mass of mineral per volume of bone). Measures of bone microstructure were not consistently different in bones from the icefishes Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari, compared to the related benthic notothenioids Notothenia coriiceps and Gobionotothen gibberifrons. Some quantitative measures, such as bone volume fraction and structure linear density, were significantly increased in some icefish bones compared to homologous bones of non-icefish. However, such differences were rare, and no microstructural measures were consistently different in icefishes across all bones and species analyzed. Furthermore, BMD was similar among homologous bones of icefish and non-icefish Antarctic notothenioids. In summary, “reduced bone” in icefishes was not due to systemic changes in bone microstructure or BMD, raising the prospect that “reduced bone” in icefish occurs only at the gross anatomic level (i.e., smaller or fewer bones). Given that icefishes exhibit delayed skeletal development compared to non-icefish Antarctic fishes, combining these phenotypic data with genomic data might clarify genetic changes driving skeletal heterochrony.  相似文献   
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《Journal of endodontics》2022,48(9):1152-1160
IntroductionThis study aimed to compare the in vivo accuracy of Wirele-X and RootZX II electronic apex locators (EALs) in determining the position of the major foramen using micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) as the analytical tool.MethodsEleven vital teeth planned for extraction from 5 patients were used. After conventional access cavity preparation, root canals were flared and negotiated up to the apical third with sizes 08 and 10 K-files followed by irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl. K-type files were used to determine the working length of the selected canals using Root ZX II and Wirele-X apex locators until their numeric displays read “0.0.” After fixing the silicon stop to the file, teeth were extracted and imaged in a micro-CT device using a double-scan protocol. Image stacks, with and without the file in the root canal, were then co-registered and the measurement error calculated as the absolute difference between the tip of the file and the major foramen. Positive and negative values were recorded when the file tip was detected beyond or short of the major foramen, respectively. Accuracy was determined on stable measurements within ± 0.5 mm when the file tip did not extend beyond the major foramen. The χ2 test was applied to compare the ability of the EALs to detect the position of the major foramen, and the t test for dependent variables was used to verify differences in the 2 measurements obtained in each tooth. Significance level was set at 5%.ResultsWithin a tolerance level of ± 0.5 mm, no significant differences were observed between the tested EALs regarding the absolute distance values (P = .82) or in their ability to detect the position of the major foramen (χ2 = 0.2588; P = .6109). The accuracy of the Root ZX II and the Wirele-X apex locators within ± 0.5 mm were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively.ConclusionsRoot ZX II and Wirele-X performed similarly regarding the in vivo detection of the major foramen. Using strict criteria, the accuracy of the Root ZX II and the Wirele-X apex locators were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively.  相似文献   
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Adaptation of osteology and myology lead to the formation of hydrofoil foreflippers in Cheloniidae (all recent sea turtles except Dermochelys coriacea) which are used mainly for underwater flight. Recent research shows the biomechanical advantages of a complex system of agonistic and antagonistic tension chords that reduce bending stress in bones. Finite element structure analysis (FESA) of a cheloniid humerus is used to provide a better understanding of morphology and microanatomy and to link these with the main flipper function, underwater flight. Dissection of a Caretta caretta gave insights into lines of action, that is, the course that a muscle takes between its origin and insertion, of foreflipper musculature. Lines of action were determined by spanning physical threads on a skeleton of Chelonia mydas. The right humerus of this skeleton was micro-CT scanned. Based on the scans, a finite element (FE) model was built and muscle force vectors were entered. Muscle forces were iteratively approximated until a uniform compressive stress distribution was attained. Two load cases, downstroke and upstroke, were computed. We found that muscle wrappings (m. coracobrachialis magnus and brevis, several extensors, humeral head of m. triceps) are crucial in addition to axial loading to obtain homogenous compressive loading in all bone cross-sections. Detailed knowledge on muscle disposition leads to compressive stress distribution in the FE model which corresponds with the bone microstructure. The FE analysis of the cheloniid humerus shows that bone may be loaded mainly by compression if the bending moments are minimized.  相似文献   
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Our team has been working for some time on designing a new kind of biomimetic fixation of resurfacing endoprostheses, in which the innovative multi-spiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold) that mimics the natural interface between articular cartilage and periarticular trabecular bone in human joints is the crucial element. This work aimed to develop a numerical model enabling the design of the considered joint replacement implant that would reflect the mechanics of interacting biomaterials. Thus, quantitative micro-CT analysis of density distribution in bone material during the embedding of MSC-Scaffold in periarticular bone was applied. The performed numerical studies and corresponding mechanical tests revealed, under the embedded MSC-Scaffold, the bone material densification affecting its mechanical properties. On the basis of these findings, the built numerical model was modified by applying a simulated insert of densified bone material. This modification led to a strong correlation between the re-simulation and experimental results (FVU = 0.02). The biomimetism of the MSC-Scaffold prototype that provided physiological load transfer from implant to bone was confirmed based on the Huber–von Mises–Hencky (HMH) stress maps obtained with the validated finite element (FE) model of the problem. The micro-CT bone density assessment performed during the embedding of the MSC-Scaffold prototype in periarticular bone provides insight into the mechanical behaviour of the investigated implant-bone system and validates the numerical model that can be used for the design of material and geometric features of a new kind of resurfacing endoprostheses fixation.  相似文献   
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Diabetic osteoporosis is gradually attracted people''s attention. However, the process of bone microstructure changes in diabetic patients, and the exact mechanism of osteoblast iron overload are unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the function of DMT1 in the pathological process of diabetic osteoporosis. We build the type two diabetes osteoporosis models with SD rats and Belgrade rats, respectively. Difference expression of DMT1 was detected by using the method of immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Detection of bone microstructure and biomechanics and iron content for each group of samples. We found that DMT1 expression in type 2 diabetic rats was higher than that in normal rats. The bone biomechanical indices and bone microstructure in the rat model deficient in DMT1 was significantly better than that in the normal diabetic model. The loss of DMT1 can reduce the content of iron in bone. These findings indicate that DMT1 expression was enhanced in the bone tissue of type 2 diabetic rats, and plays an important role in the pathological process of diabetic osteoporosis. Moreover, DMT1 may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic osteoporosis.  相似文献   
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文题释义:杜仲:杜仲是中国传统的中药药材,其具有增加机体免疫性、强身健骨的疗效,研究表明杜仲可以促进成骨细胞的增殖并且可以促进骨组织的愈合。近年来对于杜仲的研究主要集中于其有效成分的提取及分析。 杜仲醇:是杜仲的主要有效成分之一,可以增强关节炎大鼠骨组织的强度,并且具有降血压以及促进伤口愈合的能力。 背景:目前关于杜仲的研究主要集中于其治疗骨关节炎能增强骨组织的愈合能力,但是关于杜仲对根尖周炎骨破坏的修复作用尚未见报道。 目的:探讨杜仲醇提取物对根尖周炎大鼠组织蛋白酶K的影响。 方法:选取24只SD大鼠随机分为根尖周炎组20只及对照组4只,根尖周炎组于右侧下颌第一磨牙开髓后建立根尖周炎模型,对照组不做任何处理。饲养4周后,取根尖周炎组及对照组各4只拍摄MICRO-CT,计算根尖周炎骨破坏量,确认大鼠根尖周炎动物模型构建成功。饲养第5周,将剩余16只根尖周炎大鼠随机分为杜仲醇提取物组及生理盐水组,每组8只,每天灌胃杜仲醇提取物5 mL/kg或等量生理盐水。灌胃4周后,每组取4只大鼠拍摄MICRO-CT,分析杜仲醇提取物对根尖周骨组织的修复能力,另外取4只大鼠采用免疫组化染色观察右下颌第一磨牙牙槽骨组织蛋白酶K的表达。 结果与结论:①MICRO-CT结果显示,对照组骨吸收体积为(0.223±0.009) mm3,根尖周炎组骨吸收体积为(0.945±0.037) mm3,两组骨吸收量比较差异有显著性意义(P=0.00),说明大鼠根尖周炎模型构建成功;②灌胃4周后,MICRO-CT结果显示杜仲醇提取物组骨吸收体积较灌胃前减小,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);③灌胃4周后,免疫组化结果显示杜仲醇提取物根尖周炎骨破坏标志因子组织蛋白酶K的表达较灌胃前降低,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);④结果表明,杜仲醇提取物可以抑制骨破坏标志因子组织蛋白酶K的表达,并且可以促进大鼠根尖周炎骨组织的愈合。 ORCID: 0000-0001-5450-7016(吴大雷) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程  相似文献   
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The aim of this study was to investigate the root canal configuration, accessory canals and number of main foramina of 123 maxillary second molars by means of micro-computed tomography. The teeth were scanned and reproduced with 3D software imaging. The root canal configuration and number of main foramina were evaluated by means of a four-digit system. The morphological complexity of human maxillary second molars is depicted by the number of accessory and connecting canals. The most frequently observed root canal configurations in the mesiobuccal root were 2-2-2/2 (19.5%), 2-2-1/1 (14.6%) and 2-1-1/1 (13.0%). A 1-1-1/1 configuration was observed in 93.5% and in 96.7%in the distobuccal and palatal roots, respectively. The MB1 root canal had one accessory canal (18.7%), and 8.9%of the MB2 root canal had one or two accessory canals. The distobuccal (11.3%) and palatal (14.6%) root canals had at least one accessory canal, and connecting canals were observed in 16.3% of mesiobuccal roots. The MB1, MB2, distobuccal and palatal root canals had one main foramen in 99.2%, 43.1%, 98.4% and 99.2% of samples, respectively. In the mesiobuccal root, one accessory foramen was detected in 14.6%, two were detected in 7.3%, and three were detected in 5.7%. The distobuccal root showed one or two accessory foramina in 9.1%of samples. The root canal configuration of maxillary second molars is quite heterogeneous; the mesiobuccal root has predominantly two root canal entrances (58.4%, 1 in 41.1%) with one main foramen (54.4%). Two main foramina were observed in 43.0%. Morphological variations, connecting and accessory canals were observed in all apical thirds.  相似文献   
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