Comparison of multiple methods of assessing parental emotion language discourse and their effects on Preschooler’s emotion understanding

The current study explored the influence of three methods of parental emotion discourse (structured story-telling, reminiscing, and picture book) and their relation to preschoolers’ emotion understanding. Thirty-seven families participated in the study. Analyses showed that the structured story-telling method produced more emotion words, was high in unique emotion words, and was high for both emotion labelling and explanations. All three methods showed some potential to predict preschooler’s emotion understanding. Structured story-telling was best at predicting role-taking, while reminiscing and the picture book both were better at predicting situation knowledge. Additional studies are needed to further explore the influence of different methods of assessing emotion discourse to enhance validity and reliability of research in this field.     

中医药临床实践指南适用性评价建议清单及解读

指南的制定不仅要满足严谨的方法学要求,还要确保指南推荐意见应用于临床时的可信性或可实施性。基于建立一个完善的适用于中医药领域的指南评价体系的构想,笔者认为一个完整的中医药领域临床实践指南评价体系分为质量评价、适用性评价及临床应用性调查3部分。其中,适用性评价指的是评价指南与临床的贴合程度,即指南是否具有良好的可读性和临床适用性,以促进临床的应用。评价人员是中医药相关专业领域的临床专家。一个逻辑清晰、详细全面的指南适用性评价清单将为中医药指南制订小组人员提供好的评价工具,对于指南的质量以及推广应用起到重要的促进作用。笔者主要参考国际上适用性评价工具的制订流程及方法,以及通过权威的中医药临床专家及方法学家的论证,制订出适用于中医药领域的临床实践指南适用性评价建议清单。该文介绍了整个适用性评价建议清单的条目,并对每个条目给予详细解读,希望为将来中医药临床实践指南制订过程的规范化提供借鉴和参考。     

胆固醇的细菌内毒素检查方法研究

目的 为难溶性辅料胆固醇(供注射用)建立细菌内毒素检测方法。方法 通过筛选出适合溶解胆固醇的有机溶剂,并经过9种排除干扰的方法筛选,采用凝胶法和动态浊度法进行干扰试验,排除了有机溶剂和胆固醇对内毒素检查法的干扰,最终建立了胆固醇的细菌内毒素质量控制方法。检测条件：取胆固醇用无水乙醇配制成20 mg·mL-1溶液,用0.5 mg·mL-1聚氧乙烯(35)蓖麻油水溶液代替细菌内毒素检查用水稀释100倍,按内毒素检查法动态浊度法检测。结果 3批样品使用2个厂家的动态浊度法鲎试剂的回收率均在50%～200%,并且内毒素检测值均<0.1 EU·mg-1。如使用凝胶法,该品种只能使用1个厂家最高灵敏度的试剂进行检测。因此,胆固醇不建议使用凝胶法进行检测。结论 建立了胆固醇(供注射用)细菌内毒素动态浊度法检测方法,用于质量控制。     

Comparing methodological quality and consistency of international guidelines for the management of patients with chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND: Guidelines (GLs) for the management of heart failure (HF) are of great importance in order to define and disseminate therapeutic recommendations based on scientific evidence. The aim was to analyse and to compare the methodological quality of HF GLs as well as to evaluate the consistency of therapeutic recommendations. METHODS: Eleven international GLs for the management of chronic HF were identified by search of the internet, electronic databases and references of published literature. Their methodological quality was assessed by two different appraisal instruments: (1) according to the US National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) on a scale from 0 to 17 points, (2) according to the German Guideline Clearinghouse (Agency for Quality in Medicine, AQUMED) on a scale from 0 to 44 points. Clinical criteria for assessment of the consistency of the recommendations included diagnostic testing, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: The quality scores of the GLs varied substantially with a range of 1.5-15.5 points (NGC) and 8-30 points (AQUMED). The greatest variation was found in the dimensions "development" and "evidence". Only 3 of the 11 GLs (approximately 30%) were rated as methodologically well prepared. The recommendations on diagnostic procedures and medical management were rather consistent among the different GLs. CONCLUSIONS: Published international GL recommendations on medical management of patients with chronic HF are broadly consistent. The methodological quality of the GLs, however, varies to a great extent. Improvement is needed in most methodological aspects, especially in the dimensions "evidence" and "applicability".     

头孢匹胺无菌检查方法的建立

目的 建立抗生素类固体原料药头孢匹胺的无菌检查方法。方法 以碳酸钠溶液作为稀释液，采用薄膜过滤法去除头孢匹胺的抗菌活性，按照《中国药典》2015年版无菌检查法进行方法的建立和验证。结果 药典规定的6种标准菌株均在规定时间内正常生长。结论 该方法能有效去除头孢匹胺的抗菌活性，对其相关产品的无菌检查起到较好的参考作用。     

Assaying embryotoxicity in the test tube: Current limitations of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) challenging its applicability domain

Testing for embryotoxicity in vitro is an attractive alternative to animal experimentation. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is such a method, and it has been formally validated by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. A number of recent studies have underscored the potential of this method. However, the EST performed well below the 78% accuracy expected from the validation study using a new set of chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, and also of toxicity criteria, tested to enlarge the database of the validated EST as part of the Work Package III of the ReProTect Project funded within the 6th Framework Programme of the European Union. To assess the performance and applicability domain of the EST we present a detailed review of the substances and their effects in the EST being nitrofen, ochratoxin A, D-penicillamine, methylazoxymethanol, lovastatin, papaverine, warfarin, β-aminopropionitrile, dinoseb, furosemide, doxylamine, pravastatin, and metoclopramide. By delineation of the molecular mechanisms of the substances we identify six categories of reasons for misclassifications. Some of these limitations might also affect other in vitro methods assessing embryotoxicity. Substances that fall into these categories need to be included in future validation sets and in validation guidelines for embryotoxicity testing. Most importantly, we suggest conceivable improvements and additions to the EST which will resolve most of the limitations.