头孢西丁钠中甲醇残留量的顶空毛细管GC法测定

建立了顶空毛细管GC法测定头孢西丁钠中甲醇残留量，并探讨了药物结构中甲氧基对测定的影响。采用DM-624石英毛细管柱，检测器为FID。甲醇在0．02～5mg／ml浓度范围内，与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999）。方法平均回收率为97．7％，RSD为1．8％。     

Immunomodulatory activity of Asparagus racemosus on systemic Th1/Th2 immunity: Implications for immunoadjuvant potential

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Roots of Asparagus racemosus Willd (Shatavari in vernacular) are widely used in Ayurveda as Rasayana for immunostimulation, galactogogue as also in treatment of conditions like ulcers and cancer. Various studies have indicated immunomodulatory properties of Shatavari root extracts and formulations.

Aim of the study

To study the effect of standardized Asparagus racemosus root aqueous extract (ARE) on systemic Th1/Th2 immunity of SRBC sensitized animals.

Materials and methods

We used HPTLC to quantify steroidal saponins (Shatavarin IV, Immunoside^®) and flow cytometry to study effects of ARE on Th1/Th2 immunity. SRBC specific antibody titres and DTH responses were also monitored as markers of Th2 and Th1 responses, respectively. We also studied lymphocyte proliferation. Cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide and levamisole were used as controls.

Results

Treatment with ARE (100 mg/(kg b.w. p.o.)) resulted in significant increase of CD3⁺ and CD4/CD8⁺ percentages suggesting its effect on T cell activation. ARE treated animals showed significant up-regulation of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-g) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines suggesting its mixed Th1/Th2 adjuvant activity. Consistent to this, ARE also showed higher antibody titres and DTH responses. ARE, in combination with LPS, Con A or SRBC, produced a significant proliferation suggesting effect on activated lymphocytes.

Conclusion

The study suggests mixed Th1/Th2 activity of ARE supports its immunoadjuvant potential.     

直接甲醇燃料电池用阻醇质子导电聚乙烯醇-聚苯乙烯磺酸共混膜

制备了聚乙烯醇 (PVA)与聚苯乙烯磺酸 (PSSA)的共混膜 ,并研究了膜的组成、热处理温度、甲醇水溶液浓度等对膜电导率和甲醇透过率的影响。与目前普遍使用的NafionTM膜相比 ,这种由阻醇材料PVA与离子交换材料PSSA共混后形成的聚合物膜既能提高阻醇性能 ,又具有一定的电导率。一种以聚苯乙烯磺酸含量为 17%的膜 ,其电导率可达 3× 10 -3 S·cm-1,但甲醇透过率P仅为 2× 10 -8cm2 ·s-1。如果以σ/P为综合指标 ,则此膜的综合性能比NafionTM膜高约 4 0倍     

急性甲醇中毒患者的VEP分析

目的探讨急性甲醇中毒患者的视觉诱发电位（VEP）波形的异常变化及其与血甲醇浓度的相关性。方法对26例（52眼）甲醇中毒患者进行VEP检查及血甲醇浓度的测定。结果病程第一阶段共观察26人（52眼）,其中未引出VEP波形的有29只眼,波幅减低的有20只眼,波形P100潜伏期延长的有7只眼;病程第二阶段共观察17人（34眼）,其中未引出VEP波形的有10只眼,波幅减低的有22只眼,波形P100潜伏期延长的有11只眼;病程第三阶段共观察9人（18眼）,其中未引出VEP波形的有7只眼,波幅减低的有8只眼,波形P100潜伏期延长的有4只眼。未见血甲醇浓度与双眼P100潜伏期均值之间有明显相关性（P〉0.05）。结论VEP检查可以对甲醇中毒患者视神经功能损害提供可靠的诊断依据。急性甲醇中毒引起的视神经损害相对于异常甲醇浓度的降低以及其他临床症状消失具有滞后性与持续性。     

BF3 etherate catalysed formation of [11C]methyl esters: a novel radiolabelling technique

A novel way of preparing ¹¹C labelled methyl esters using [¹¹C]methanol and either BF₃ etherate or trimethylsilyl chloride as catalyst was investigated. Radiochemical yields with BF₃ etherate were between 30 and 33% for [¹¹C]methyl benzoate and less than 1% for [¹¹C]methyl thio salicylate. No [¹¹C]methyl ester formation could be observed with trimethylsilyl chloride for all compounds investigated. This method is an alternative to using [¹¹C]methyl iodide in the presence of a base. It is particularly suited for carboxylic acids bearing functional groups which would compete for [¹¹C]methyl iodide, thus eliminating the need to introduce protecting groups. However, o‐anisic acid formed [¹¹C]methyl salicylate in 33–30% decay corrected radiochemical yield due to hydrolytic cleavage of the methyl ether, and none of the desired [¹¹C]methyl 2‐methoxy benzoate could be obtained. When salicylic acid was used as starting material, [¹¹C]methyl salicylate could only be obtained in 5–8% decay corrected radiochemical yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲醇合成过程中基于MAS的故障诊断方法

针对甲醇合成生产过程的特点和故障产生机制,将多智能体系统(MA S)技术引入到生产过程的故障诊断中,把生产过程划分为一些相对独立的组件,分派特定的诊断智能体对其进行故障诊断,通过智能体之间的协作,充分利用过程中的局部信息而给出整个过程的故障诊断结果。通过仿真实验,得到了满意的结果。     

Uptake and disposition of inhaled methanol vapor in humans.

Methanol is a widely used solvent and a potential fuel for motor vehicles. Human kinetic data of methanol are sparse. As a basis for biological exposure monitoring and risk assessment, we studied the inhalation toxicokinetics of methanol vapor in four female and four male human volunteers during light physical exercise (50 W) in an exposure chamber. The relative uptake of methanol was about 50% (range 47-53%). Methanol in blood increased from a background level of about 20 to 116 and 244 microM after 2 h exposure at 0, 100 ppm (131 mg/m3) and 200 ppm (262 mg/m3), respectively. Saliva showed substantially higher levels than blood immediately after exposure. This difference disappeared in a few minutes; thereafter the concentrations and time courses in blood, urine, and saliva were similar, with half times of 1.4, 1.7, and 1.3 h, respectively. The postexposure decrease of methanol in exhaled air was faster, with a half time of 0.8 h. The methanol concentrations were approximately twice as high in all four types of biological samples at 200 compared to 100 ppm. No increase in urinary formic acid was seen in exposed subjects. Our study indicates non-saturated, dose-proportional kinetics of methanol up to 200 ppm for 2 h. No gender differences were detected. Similar, parallel patterns were seen with regard to the methanol time courses in blood, urine, and saliva, whereas the concentration in exhaled air decreased markedly faster. Thus, apart from blood and urine, saliva also seems suitable for biomonitoring of methanol exposure.     

Evaluation of the effect of erythropoietin + corticosteroid versus corticosteroid alone in methanol-induced optic nerve neuropathy

Purpose: Following methanol intoxication, optic nerve neuropathy may occur, which is currently treated by different therapeutic regimens. Erythropoietin (EPO) has recently been introduced as a good therapeutic option in methanol-induced optic neuropathy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of EPO in improvement of the visual disturbances in methanol-intoxicated patients.

Materials and methods: In a case-control study, all patients who had referred to our toxicology centre with confirmed diagnosis of methanol toxicity were considered to be included. Of them, those who had referred with visual disturbances, survived, and their visual disturbances had not improved after haemodialysis were entered. Cases received EPO and corticosteroids while controls only received corticosteroids. They were then compared regarding their visual outcome.

Results: All five patients in the control group mentioned that after discharge, their visual acuity had improved while in the cases, three mentioned visual improvement, two mentioned their visual acuity had deteriorated after discharge, two mentioned no change in their visual acuity and three mentioned that their visual acuity had first improved but then deteriorated with a mean two-month interval period. In fundoscopic evaluations, two controls had normal fundospcopy while eight cases had abnormal fundoscopy (p?=?0.055).

Conclusions: Protective effect of EPO on methanol-induced optic nerve may be strong at the beginning of the intervention but is probably transient.     

Mass methanol poisonings in the Czech Republic

Abstract

The article provides detailed information on the case of 2012–2013 Czech mass methanol poisoning caused by the consumption of spirits with methanol added during manufacture. The article compares basic characteristics of methanol and ethanol. It also gives toxicological properties of methanol and describes therapy of methanol afflicted patients with the medicinal product Fomepizole. Having provided an overview of the short-term remedies to the Czech 2012–2013 poisoning problems, the authors suggest long-term measures for prevention of possible future mass poisoning cases like legislative changes and extension of school education with courses on ethanol and methanol effects in human organism.