Unmasking antibiotic-associated neurological disorders: The underminer in Intensive Care Unit

Psychosis is a common and intractable disorder of hospitalization, especially in patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Along with the widely use of multiple antibiotics in community-acquired infection and hospital-acquired infection, the occurrence of antibiotic-associated neurological disorders has become more frequently. However, antibiotic neurotoxicity is often overlooked or misinterpreted. In this review, we summarized the neurological disorders caused by antibacterial agent usage and firstly systematically formulated the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated neurotoxic reactions. Precautions of the complications are critical in preventing serious clinical outcome as the inducement is curable. Regular neurological physical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG) examination, lumbar puncture and therapeutic drug monitoring closely are essential for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis.     

Tuberculosis treatment in children: The changing landscape

Traditionally children have been treated for tuberculosis (TB) based on data extrapolated from adults. However, we know that children present unique challenges that deserve special focus. New data on optimal drug selection and dosing are emerging with the inclusion of children in clinical trials and ongoing research on age-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We discuss the changing treatment landscape for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant paediatric tuberculosis in both the most common (intrathoracic) and most severe (central nervous system) forms of disease, and address the current knowledge gaps for improving patient outcomes.     

儿童中枢神经系统感染治疗疗程与腰椎穿刺检查系列建议之一——病毒性脑（膜）炎治疗疗程与腰椎穿刺检查建议

中枢神经系统感染是儿童神经系统常见疾病,也是临床住院的常见病种;中枢神经系统感染的病原以细菌和病毒感染较为常见,而结核菌、真菌、支原体感染相对少见;不同病原的中枢神经系统感染临床上有其共性表现又有不同病原感染疾病的特点;中枢神经系统感染的诊断包括病原学确诊或临床疑诊;不同的治疗转归其治疗疗程或腰穿检查与复查时间均缺乏研究性证据,困扰临床一线工作。为此,中华医学会儿科学分会神经学组组织的专家组制订了“儿童中枢神经系统感染治疗疗程与腰椎穿刺检查系列建议”,希望能为这一疾病的诊治提供参考。     

Neuraxial anesthesia in a parturient with common variable immunodeficiency: a case report

Choosing whether or not to initiate neuraxial anesthesia in pregnant women with immune system defects may be challenging. Anesthesiologists have the responsibility of making the best decision in terms of anesthesia management for both mother and baby during the labor and delivery process. Whether neuraxial anesthesia is associated with an increased risk of central nervous system infection in immunocompromised compared with healthy patients is unknown. It is also unclear if maternal immune modulation required for fetal tolerance makes pregnant women susceptible to pathogens and causes an altered immune response. Infection-related complications of neuraxial anesthesia are rare but may be severe, especially in immunocompromised parturients. There are no guidelines regarding the indications and limitations of regional anesthesia procedures in these patients. Immunocompromised patients are now seen more commonly, and it is essential to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to their care while tailoring anesthetic plans to the individual. We present the case of a 37-year-old parturient who had a congenital immune deficiency and who developed aseptic meningitis after receiving spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.     

大鼠急性经口1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的毒代动力学研究

建立大鼠血液中1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的检测方法，将30只健康SPF级SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、200和500mg/kgFOX-7染毒组，每组10只。采用一次性经口灌胃方式染毒，染毒容量为ImL/lOOg。于染毒后第0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24h对大鼠进行眼眶后静脉丛采血，使用紫外可见分光光度计检测血中FOX-7浓度。使用PhoenixWinNonlin6.1软件进行血药浓度-时间数据分析与毒代参数计算。大鼠单次灌胃FOX-7200和500mg/kg后，药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-24)分别为(27.01±L94)^g/(h?L)和(29.26±3.31)^^(h-L),AUC(0-?>分别为(42.。1±2.18)阿/(h-L)和(4L51±3.66)Mg/(h?L)；达峰浓度Cmax分别为(1.82±0,12)Mg/ml和(2.33±0,20)阿/ml,达峰时间y.为2h；半衰期知2分别为(10.83±2,77)h和(8.66±3,01)h。本研究为FOX-7毒代动力学模型的完善提供了科学依据。     

发热、血钠联合中性粒细胞百分比对肺结核继发结核性脑膜炎的诊断价值

 目的 探讨发热、血钠联合中性粒细胞百分比对肺结核继发结核性脑膜炎（TBM）的诊断价值。方法 收集2015年10月—2018年10月某院收治的肺结核患者临床资料，将146例诊断为肺结核继发TBM的患者作为研究组，按入院时间以1∶4的比例分层抽取584例肺结核未继发TBM的患者作为对照组，比较两组患者血钠、中性粒细胞百分比、临床发热症状指标及三者联合诊断肺结核继发TBM的效能，计算曲线下面积（AUC）并确定临界点。结果 30条纤维支气管镜使用后未清洗前，内镜外表面RLU中位值为911.5，合格率为16.7%；酶洗后机洗前，内镜外表面RLU中位值为234.0，合格率为43.3%。每组30条纤维支气管镜经消毒剂分别浸泡消毒5、3 min后的气管镜外表面RLU中位值分别为25.0、23.5，合格率均为100.0%。血钠及中性粒细胞百分比诊断肺结核继发TBM患者的临界点分别为135.30 mmol/L、73.40%。发热、血钠、中性粒细胞百分比及三者联合诊断肺结核继发TBM的AUC（95%CI）分别为0.732（0.688~0.776）、0.768（0.719~0.818）、0.727（0.679~0.776）、0.845（0.807~0.882），差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；敏感度分别为80.82%、56.85%、65.07%、63.70%，特异度分别为65.58%、87.50%、73.46%、89.38%，前三者曲线下面积差异无统计学意义，三者联合诊断效能更高。结论 发热、血钠<135.30 mmol/L或血中性粒细胞百分比>73.40%对肺结核继发TBM均有诊断意义，三者无明显优劣之分，但三者联合对肺结核继发TBM有更高的诊断价值。     

小儿化脓性脑膜炎76例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床疗效和临床观察。方法回顾分析76例小儿化脓性脑膜炎患者的临床资料。结果76例患儿中，54例患儿治愈,16例患儿好转,6例患儿转科治疗。治疗前患儿脑脊液检查外观混浊的检出率和球蛋白阳性的检出率分别为73.7%和92.1%,显著高于治疗后的外观混浊的检出率7.9%和球蛋白阳性的检出率5.3%，治疗前后对比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论对接诊的疑似化脓性脑膜炎的患儿及早地诊断、治疗，可以有效减少患儿并发症及后遗症的发生，提高患儿的治愈率。     

Baylisascaris procyonis–Associated Meningoencephalitis in a Previously Healthy Adult,California, USA

After severe neurocognitive decline developed in an otherwise healthy 63-year-old man, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and enhancing lesions. The patient tested positive for antibodies to Baylisascaris spp. roundworms, was treated with albendazole and dexamethasone, and showed improvement after 3 months. Baylisascariasis should be considered for all patients with eosinophilic meningitis.