基于妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制效果对Klotho基因表达影响的研究

目的 研究妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制不达标状态下和体外高糖环境下对Klotho基因表达的影响。 方法 选择妊娠期糖尿病患者103例,其中血糖控制不达标56例,血糖控制达标47例,采用ELISA检测血清Klotho蛋白水平并分析各组妊娠结局,同时在体外高糖环境下培养HEK293细胞,采用RT-PCR方法检测细胞Klotho基因表达水平。结果 血清α-Klotho 和β-klotho蛋白在妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制不达标组表达水平明显低于血糖控制达标组(p<0.05),此外,血糖不达标组剖宫产率、巨大儿发生率高于达标组(p<0.05)。RT-PCR结果表明高糖可诱导HEK293细胞α-Klotho 和β-klotho mRNA表达水平下降。结论 体内外高糖是导致α-Klotho 和β-klotho表达下降重要因素之一,妊娠期糖尿病治疗目标应以血糖达标最为获益。     

Predicting macrosomia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prediction of fetal macrosomia based on ultrasound estimates of fetal weight and amniotic fluid volume combined with clinical risk factors. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of women undergoing indicated obstetric ultrasound examinations within 7 days of delivery was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 3115 women gave birth within 7 days of ultrasound examinations that included an estimated fetal weight (EFW) and an amniotic fluid index (AFI). Clinical risk factors were associated with an 8% positive predictive value for a birth weight of 4000 g or higher. Adding an ultrasound EFW of 4000 g or higher increased the positive predictive value to 62%. Adding an AFI of 20 cm or higher to the clinical risk factors and the ultrasound EFW further increased the positive predictive value to 71%. CONCLUSIONS: An ultrasound EFW of 4000 g or higher within 1 week of delivery combined with clinical risk factors and an increased AFI is associated with macrosomia at birth in 71% of cases.     

Determinants and outcome of fetal macrosomia in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

Background:

To determine the incidence and risk factors of fetal macrosomia and maternal and perinatal outcome.

Patients and Methods:

This was a 1-year prospective case–control study of singleton pregnancies in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Only women who gave consent were recruited for the study. The maternal and perinatal outcomes in women who delivered macrosomic infants (birth weight ≥ 4000 g) were compared with the next consecutive delivery of normal birth weight (2500–3999 g) infants.

Results:

The total deliveries for the study period were 2437, of which 135 were macrosomic babies. The incidence of fetal macrosomia was 5.5%. The mean birth weights of macrosomic and nonmacrosomic babies were 4.26 ± 0.29 kg and 3.20 ± 0.38 kg, respectively, P = 0.000. Mothers with macrosomic babies were more likely to be older (P = 0.047), of higher parity (0.001), taller (P = 0.007), and weighed more at delivery (P = 0.000). Previous history of fetal macrosomia (P = 0.000) and maternal diabetes (P = 0.007) were factors strongly associated with the delivery of macrosomic infants. Pregnancies associated with fetal macrosomia had increased duration of labor (P = 0.007), interventional deliveries (P = 0.000), shoulder dystocia, and genital laceration (P = 0.000). There was no significant difference in the incidence of primary postpartum hemorrhage (P = 0.790), birth asphyxia, and perinatal mortality (P = 0.197).

Conclusion:

Fetal macrosomia is associated with maternal and fetal morbidities. The presence of the observed risk factors should elicit the suspicion of a macrosomic fetus and the need for appropriate management to reduce maternal and fetal morbidities.     

产前超声测量多项指标预测胎儿体重的意义

目的:探讨产前超声测量多项指标预测胎儿体重的方法及其意义.方法:以在某院出生的1560例新生儿作为研究对象,在分娩前3天内超声测量胎儿体重、双顶径、腹围和股骨长,分析胎儿体重和各指标之间的关系.结果:1560例单胎足月胎儿,体重(3320.13±512.13)g,双顶径(92.75±4.29)mm,腹围(343.76±22.27)mm,股骨(71.20±3.37)mm.胎儿体重与双顶径、腹围和股骨之间均有相关性,相关系数r在0.672~0.767,且有统计学意义.多因素分析显示新生儿体重与腹围相关性最大,双顶径次之,股骨长最小.通过受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析,利用胎儿腹围、股骨长和双顶径来判定巨大儿的截断值分别为355.00mm、73.50mm和95.50mm, 灵敏度分别为68.8%、68.8%和62.5%, 特异度分别为77.9%、79.2%和76.6%.结论:分娩前超声测量胎儿腹围、股骨长、双顶径可预测新生儿出生体重,腹围大于355mm、股骨大于73.50mm、双顶径大于95.5mm对预测巨大儿有临床价值.     

Fetal pancreatic Langerhans islets size in pregnancies with metabolic disorders

Objective: Metabolic disorders are a pandemic and increasing health problem. Women of childbearing age may also be affected, thus an abnormal metabolism may interfere with pregnancy short- and long-term outcomes, harming both mother and child. In the context of an abnormal maternal and intrauterine metabolic milieu the development of fetal organs, including pancreas, may be affected.

Aim: To investigate the effects of pregnancy metabolic disorders on the morphology of pancreatic Langerhans islets in human late-third trimester stillborn fetuses.

Methods: Samples from fetal pancreas underwent a quantitative histological evaluation to detect differences between pregnancy with (cases, n?=?9) or without (controls, n?=?6) abnormal metabolism.

Results: Results show that the islets size increases in fetuses from dysmetabolic pregnancies and that this increment is related to both beta-cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Moreover, according to pregnancy and fetal metabolic disorders, a threshold of abnormal size of the islets has been identified. Above this threshold the size of fetal pancreatic Langerhans islets should be considered excessively increased.

Conclusion: The study suggests that an accurate fetal pancreas analysis supplies an important tool in stillborn fetus, to discover metabolic disturbances that should be kept in mind and managed in future pregnancies.     

Is routine abdominal ultrasonography necessary in macrosomic newborns with difficult delivery?

Adrenal hemorrhage is a relatively uncommon clinical problem of the newborn period. Clinical features of adrenal hemorrhage are variable. An abdominal mass, anemia, unexplained/persistent jaundice, bluish discoloration of the scrotum may be the presenting sign. Here, we presented a macrosomic infant (4150 gr) whose left side adrenal hematoma associated with asphixia and early onset of hyperbilirubinemia. We concluded that the pediatricians should be considered abdominal US screening regard as internal hemorrage in macrosomic newborns who delivered with difficult labor and then seen pathologic jaundice.     

Use of the amniotic fluid index combined with estimated fetal weight within 10 days of delivery for prediction of macrosomia at birth.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of combining the sonographically estimated fetal weight (EFW) and amniotic fluid index (AFI) measured within 10 days of term delivery for prediction of macrosomia at birth. METHODS: Prospective sonographic fetal biometric measurements and delivery ward data of a single center, uploaded separately over a 4-year period, were retrospectively linked to yield an unselected sample of nondiabetic pregnancies with live-born term neonates. RESULTS: Of the 1925 pregnancies evaluated, 140 (7.2%) were macrosomic (birth weight > or =4000 g). The AFI was significantly higher in the macrosomic group (P < .001). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was larger for predictions based on the EFW alone than on the AFI. An EFW of 4000 g or higher had a positive predictive value of 46.6% for macrosomia at birth. Use of the previously suggested combined EFW and AFI cutoffs of 3689 g and 119 mm, respectively, yielded a positive predictive value of 30.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Combined use of the EFW and AFI rather than the EFW alone does not improve prediction of macrosomia at birth.     

B超测量胎儿腹围预测胎儿体重的价值

目的 研究B超测量胎儿腹围预测巨大胎儿的临床价值。方法 选择184例宫高＋腹围≥140cm的足月单胎孕妇，应用B超测量胎儿双顶径（BPD），头围（HC）腹围（AC），股骨长度（FL）；根据新生儿体重将孕妇分为巨大儿组及非巨大儿组，比较两组间差异；分析腹围与新生儿体重的关系。结果 胎儿腹围与新生儿体重的相关性最好（r=0.84），当胎儿腹围≥35.0cm时，可以预测85.7%的巨大胎儿。结论 超声测量胎儿腹围能准确预测巨大胎儿的体重。