Quantitative anatomical analysis of facial expression using a 3D motion capture system: Application to cosmetic surgery and facial recognition technology

The topography of the facial muscles differs between males and females and among individuals of the same gender. To explain the unique expressions that people can make, it is important to define the shapes of the muscle, their associations with the skin, and their relative functions. Three‐dimensional (3D) motion‐capture analysis, often used to study facial expression, was used in this study to identify characteristic skin movements in males and females when they made six representative basic expressions. The movements of 44 reflective markers (RMs) positioned on anatomical landmarks were measured. Their mean displacement was large in males [ranging from 14.31 mm (fear) to 41.15 mm (anger)], and 3.35–4.76 mm smaller in females [ranging from 9.55 mm (fear) to 37.80 mm (anger)]. The percentages of RMs involved in the ten highest mean maximum displacement values in making at least one expression were 47.6% in males and 61.9% in females. The movements of the RMs were larger in males than females but were more limited. Expanding our understanding of facial expression requires morphological studies of facial muscles and studies of related complex functionality. Conducting these together with quantitative analyses, as in the present study, will yield data valuable for medicine, dentistry, and engineering, for example, for surgical operations on facial regions, software for predicting changes in facial features and expressions after corrective surgery, and the development of face‐mimicking robots. Clin. Anat. 28:735–744, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

探讨3D影像下顺行髓内钉理想置入点与正常成年人股骨大转子最高点的联系

目的:利用3D影像分析正常成年人股骨大转子最高点与髓腔中线的关系,为顺行髓内钉理想置入点的确定提供参考。方法:检索2016年1月至2017年1月行股骨全长CT检查的正常成年人107例,男64例,女43例;年龄(51.7±16.4)岁;左侧54例,右侧53例。利用Volume Viewer软件重建3D影像,根据股骨大转子形态分为前峰型(anterior apex,AA),后峰型(posterior apex,PA),中峰型(middle apex,MA),无峰型(none apex,NA)4组;冠状及矢状面上根据前倾角度分别调整股骨至标准颈干角位(apparent neck shaft angle,ANSA)及真颈干角位(true neck shaft angle,TNSA),分别记为C-ANSA,C-TNSA,S-ANSA,S-TNSA,测量各组在上述4个位置上股骨髓腔中线至股骨大转子最高点的垂直距离(vertical distance,VD),并对测得的VD值进行统计学分析;多元线性回归法分析临床资料与VD值的关系。结果:(1)4组4个位置对应VD值比较,AA组、MA组在S-ANSA上的VD值比较差异无统计学意义;AA、MA、NA组在C-ANSA和C-TNSA上的VD值比较差异无统计学意义。(2)矢状面2个位置VD值比较,AA、MA、NA组VD值比较差异有统计学意义;冠状面2个位置VD值比较,PA、 NA组比较差异有统计学意义。(3)经多元线性回归获得SANSA和S-TNSA位置上VD值的预测方程,S-ANSA上R=0.343,F=3.409,P=0.012;S-TNSA上R=0.317,F=2.846,P=0.028,其中颈干角和性别是矢状位上VD值的影响因素,而与冠状面上2个位置的VD值大小无明显差异。结论 :(1)以股骨大转子最高点为解剖标志确定正常成年人股骨髓内钉进针点,须辨别股骨大转子形态以及明确观测体位后再对矢状面上前后偏移及冠状面的横向偏移进行估计。(2)矢状面上的前后偏移随着颈干角的增大而有所增大,且女性前后偏移程度较男性小。     

Three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry assessment of congenital microphthalmia children with a structured light 3D scanning system

Congenital microphthalmia is a rare phenotype characterized by eye growth retardation. Due to the lack of eyeball stimulation, children suffering from congenital microphthalmia always have bony orbital maldevelopment, which leads to facial asymmetry. In the present study, a structured light 3D scanning system was used as a novel method to measure the three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry in children with congenital microphthalmia.Children with unilateral congenital microphthalmia of 0–6 years old were enrolled in the present study. All participants underwent an ultrasound scan to measure the axial length, and accepted the structured light 3D scanning system for their periorbital appearance. The degree of periorbital asymmetry was evaluated using 17 facial landmarks within a three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system (the X-axis represented the horizontal direction, the Y-axis represented the vertical direction, and the Z-axis represented the sagittal direction). Paired student t-test and ANOVA were used in the present study. A three-dimensional periorbital topography was also established to further illustrate the periorbital asymmetry.A total of 67 children were recruited, which included 31 boys and 34 girls. The axial length on the affected side (12.28 ± 3.35 mm) was generally smaller than that on the unaffected side (20.54 ± 1.65 mm, P < 0.001). When grouped by age, the periorbital asymmetry mainly manifested in the Y-axis and Z-axis directions. The unaffected side had a higher orbitale superior (5.09 ± 0.35 vs. 3.02 ± 0.30, P < 0.001) and a lower orbitale inferior (?19.52 ± 0.51 vs. ?16.90 ± 0.53, P < 0.001) in 0–1 year old group. Same performances were also found in the 1–3 and 3–6 age groups. When grouped according to the proportion of axial length on the bilateral sides, seven of the 12 Y-values and all 12 Z-values had statistical differences.The structured Light 3D scanning system may serve as a beneficial complementary tool for computed tomography, in order to better understand the periorbital deformities caused by congenital microphthalmia.     

腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌切除术肿瘤学与形态学根治性评价

目的评价腹腔镜和同期开腹直肠癌根治术在肿瘤学结果的差异;观察腹腔镜形态学下结直肠解剖标志及关键血管区域淋巴清扫程度。方法连续地将符合纳入研究标准的50例结直肠癌患者分别进入腹腔镜组（LO组,27例）和开腹组（CO组,23例）,前瞻性比较两组患者肿瘤学结果;观察腹腔镜形态学下解剖标志及血管区骨骼化,评价区域淋巴清扫效果。结果LO组平均手术时间略短于CO组但差异无统计学意义,LO组术中失血量显著少于CO组;两组外科肿瘤学结果比较均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,标本切缘均阴性;腹腔镜形态下特殊恒定的解剖标志利于选择合适的解剖学平面及融合筋膜间隙进行游离从而实施可靠、安全的完整肿块切除、血管骨骼化及关键区域淋巴结清扫;腹腔镜组患者术后与开腹组相比,术后前3天内腹腔引流量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,术后功能恢复指标及总住院时间均显著减少（P〈0．05）。结论与传统开腹手术相比,腹腔镜结直肠手术安全、可行,达到同等肿瘤学根治效果;腹腔镜形态学下观察发现肿块切除完整,血管解剖结构清晰,区域淋巴清扫满意;平均手术时间短,失血量少,机体功能恢复快,总住院时间短。     

颈腮区手术中耳大神经的临床解剖学观察

目的 研究耳大神经的应用解剖学,为颈腮区相关手术提供临床解剖资料。方法 选取安徽医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2010年11月—2013年10月45例（52侧）头颈腮腺区手术病例进行前瞻性研究,在手术中观察耳大神经出肌点的位置、行程、分支点、分支及其与颈外静脉之间的关系。其中全颈淋巴结清扫术25例（32侧）、腮腺恶性肿瘤手术4例、咽旁间隙肿瘤16例。结果 耳大神经多于胸锁乳突肌后缘中点上下10mm范围内穿出占94．2％（49／52）,并多以单干形式上行,在胸锁乳突肌前缘、腮腺尾部以及下颌角下方10mm左右分成前、中、后3个终支。耳大神经伴行于颈外静脉的后方上行（间距不超过20mm）。结论 耳大神经解剖变异较大,其主干与颈外静脉关系密切,手术时尽可能避免耳大神经损伤。     

应用骨性标志指导右颈内静脉穿刺的临床研究

目的探讨应用骨性标志指导右颈内静脉穿刺置管术的可行性与安全性。方法选择行中心静脉穿刺置管术的择期全麻成人患者114例,以右颈内静脉作为穿刺部位。采取骨性标志定位,即以右锁骨上切迹与乳突尖前方凹陷顶点做一连线,与甲状软骨水平线的交点作为穿刺点。记录穿刺的成功率、穿刺时间、并发症及麻醉医师的工作年限。结果 114例患者进针深度为（1.8±0.6）cm,穿刺时间为（3.2±1.4）min;一次穿刺置管成功率为96.5%;均无气胸、血胸、液气胸、空气栓塞、心律失常等并发症发生;仅2例误穿动脉,形成血肿,改用其他方法穿刺成功;穿刺成功率与麻醉医师的年资无显著相关性（r=0.05,P〉0.05）。结论应用骨性标志指导颈内静脉穿刺,定位准确,穿刺成功率高,并发症少,大大提高了穿刺置管的成功率和效率,值得广大医生学习掌握。