Current evidence on where to end a fusion within the thoracolumbar junction most preferably – A systematic literature review

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is one main complication in the surgical treatment of adult spinal deformities. Ending within the thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) should but cannot always be avoided to reduce the risk for PJK. With this systematic review we sought to define the most preferable vertebra within the TLJ to minimize the risk for PJK and establish recommendations based on our findings. We conducted a systematic literature review by scanning the MEDLINE database in accordance with the PRISMA criteria. All articles addressing primary long-distance dorsal thoracolumbar fusion of at least three segments to treat adult spinal deformities were included. 1385 articles were identified and three were included to this review. The first study showed significantly higher rates of PJK in patients where the construct was extended to T7 or higher when compared to an ending at T11 to L1. The second article stated that an expansion to the TLJ resulted in significantly less surgical revisions due to PJK reduction. On the other hand, the third article found that a fusion of the whole thoracic spine reduces the PJK incidence postoperatively. Even though the most favorable vertebra within the TLJ to avoid PJK best could not yet be determined, our study identifies several principles that represent the current state of evidence for surgical treatment of adult scoliosis. Proper preoperative decision making based on thorough analysis and interpretation of the patient's sagittal alignment parameters can improve the individual outcome critically.     

单纯前路与前后联合入路治疗退变性多节段脊髓型颈椎病的对比研究

目的 比较前路多节段（≥3）颈椎间盘切除椎管减压植骨融合内固定（ACDF）与后路单开门椎管扩大成形（ELAP）联合ACDF治疗伴颈椎后凸、巨大椎间盘突出的退变性多节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年1月于我院接受多节段ACDF或ELAP联合ACDF治疗的41例合并颈椎后凸畸形、巨大椎间盘突出的退变性多节段脊髓型颈椎病病人的临床资料,根据手术方式分为单纯前路组（21例）和前后联合入路组（20例）,单纯前路组21例,男10例,女11例,年龄为（52.10±5.96）岁。前后联合入路组20例,男12例,女8例,年龄为（53.23±5.12）岁。记录病人手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopedic Association,JOA）评分、Nurick评分、C_2-7 Cobb角、局部后凸角（RK）、C_2-7矢状面垂直轴（SVA）。结果 前后联合入路组手术时间、出血量大于单纯前路组（P＜0.05）。两组住院时间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。末次随访,两组VAS评分、Nurick评分均小于术前,JOA评分大于术前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;前后联合入路组VAS评分、Nurick评分小于单纯前路组,JOA评分、JOA改善率大于单纯前路组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组C_2-7 Cobb角、RK均大于术前（P＜0.05）,C_2-7 SVA与术前比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组C_2-7 Cobb角、RK、C_2-7 SVA比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 多节段ACDF、ELAP联合ACDF治疗合并颈椎后凸畸形、巨大椎间盘突出的退变性多节段脊髓型颈椎病均可显著改善病人的临床症状及颈椎曲度。与多节段ACDF比较,ELAP联合ACDF虽然手术创伤大但术式更安全,病人的临床症状效果改善更好。     

Autosomal recessive otofaciocervical syndrome type 2 with novel homozygous small insertion in PAX1 gene

Otofaciocervical syndrome (OTFCS) is described as a single gene disorder of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance. The major clinical features of OTFCS include ear malformations (external/middle/inner ear), facial dysmorphism, shoulder girdle abnormalities, vertebral anomalies, and mild intellectual disability. The autosomal recessive form of OTFCS syndrome (OTFCS2) has been recently reported to be caused due to homozygous mutations in PAX1 gene. Here we report a third family of OTFCS2 phenotype wherein whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous small insertion in PAX1 as the underlying genetic cause.     

经后路椎弓根截骨内固定治疗老年严重脊柱后凸畸形

目的探讨后路经椎弓根截骨治疗老年严重脊柱后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法对18例老年严重脊柱后凸畸形患者采用后路经椎弓根截骨矫形内固定治疗,分别于术后2周、3个月、12个月通过X线片、VAS评分、Cobb角、神经功能恢复情况评估临床疗效。结果 18例均获随访,时间14～37个月。VAS评分:术前8.4分±1.3分,术后2周、3个月、12个月分别为1.1分±0.3分、1.1分±0.2分、1.2分±0.3分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cobb角:术前为78.3°±5.9°,术后2周、3个月、12个月分别为42.7°±8.4°、42.9°±5.7°、44.2°±6.9°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有2例发生硬脊膜撕裂,1例直接缝合,1例行脑膜片修补,未发生脑脊液漏。无内固定松动、断裂及截骨面假关节形成。结论后路经椎弓根截骨矫形内固定可以有效矫正老年性脊柱后凸畸形,临床疗效良好。     

三维有限元在正常与后凸畸形胸腰椎体力学性能比较中的应用

目的:比较分析T12、L1脊柱椎体下表面在纵向压缩载荷下的应力分布及变化趋势,为胸腰段脊柱后凸畸形患者的治疗及康复提供生物力学依据。方法:通过新鲜脊柱标本CT扫描影像建立正常的T10-L2段脊柱三维计算机模型,再通过自由造型系统重建脊柱后凸畸形15°模型。对两种模型均施加纵向800N压缩载荷,比较分析T12、L1椎体下表面的应力分布及变化趋势。结果:正常T12、L1椎体在承受纵向压缩载荷时,主要载荷集中在椎体后部以及脊柱的后部结构;后凸畸形T12、L1脊柱主要靠椎体承受纵向压缩载荷,且载荷主要集中于椎体前部。结论:在纵向压缩载荷下,正常脊柱T12-L1段椎体后部容易损伤和骨折,后凸脊柱T12-L1段椎体前部容易损伤和骨折。     

利用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行脊柱三维运动实验

[目的]探讨应用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行生物力学实验研究的可行性,以及胸腰段后凸畸形对腰椎三维运动的生物力学影响.[方法]收集24例成年家猪胸腰椎脊柱新鲜标本,随机分为三组,制造两个Cobb角度水平的胸腰段后凸畸形和相应的腰椎过度前凸模型,进行脊柱三维运动实验,测量L2、3和L4、5的前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的运动范围( ROM)以及所对应的中性区(NZ)的大小,对各组数值进行方差分析,用snk(q检验)法对分组变量进行多重比较.[结果]后凸的胸腰段对邻近运动节段(L2、3)矢状面上的运动(前屈/后伸)ROM以及NZ的影响更明显,P＜0.05,而左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的ROM及NZ没有统计学差异,P＞0.05;而下腰椎运动节段(L4、5)的前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的ROM及NZ均没有统计学差异,P＞0.05.[结论]利用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行脊柱三维运动实验是可行、简便、有效的;腰椎前屈/后伸运动范围的过度增大,是胸腰段后凸畸形后为维持脊柱矢状面平衡的一个重要代偿改变,且ROM的增大以上腰椎的改变更为明显.     

脊柱矫形后发生近端交界性后凸危险因素的荟萃分析

文题释义： 近端交界性后凸：是脊柱矫形术后出现的并发症之一,通常因手术近端内固定交界区的应力改变引起,是一种与脊柱融合相关的邻近节段疾病。 近端交界区后凸角：采用 Cobb 角测量法测量,它被定义为最上端固定椎体的下终板和上2个相邻椎体的上终板之间的后凸角,若该后凸角大于10°,且同术前相比增加10°以上,则认为发生了近端交界性后凸。 背景：对于实施脊柱畸形矫形的患者,近端交界性后凸是术后常见的并发症,可导致成年人和青少年脊柱畸形患者多种不良临床预后。因此,有必要对可能导致矫形术后患者发生近端交界性后凸的危险因素进行分析,以扩大对近端交界性后凸的认识并为预防其发生提供指导。 目的：通过荟萃分析评价影响脊柱畸形矫形术后发生近端交界性后凸畸形的危险因素。 方法：在PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane、中国知网和万方医学检索截止至2019年5月发表的公开文献,严格评价文献质量,根据纳入标准和排除标准选择文献,收集相关数据,使用RevMan 5.3软件统计分析相关数据,评估荟萃分析结果。 结果与结论：①共纳入26篇文献,总计4 498例患者,其中921例患者术后发生近端交界性后凸,经分析后显示脊柱矫形术后近端交界性后凸发生率为25%;②年龄,体质量指数,骨质疏松,手术椎体数量,最上端固定椎体至胸腰段(T₁₀-L₁),最下端固定椎体固定至骶骨/骨盆/髂骨,术后近端交界区后凸角、腰椎前凸角和矢状面垂直偏移,术前术后近端交界区后凸角变化、腰椎前凸角变化和矢状面垂直偏移变化,以上指标在近端交界性后凸患者和非近端交界性后凸患者之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);③而性别、截骨、前后联合手术、术前近端交界区后凸角、术前腰椎前凸角在近端交界性后凸患者和非近端交界性后凸患者之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④该荟萃分析显示,非手术因素中高龄、体质量指数、骨质疏松;手术因素中固定节段> 5个椎体,最上端固定内固定至胸腰段,最下端固定至骶骨/骨盆/髂骨,术后近端交界区后凸角、腰椎前凸角、矢状面垂直偏移,术前术后近端交界区后凸角、腰椎前凸角、矢状面垂直偏移变化较大是近端交界性后凸发生的主要危险因素。可通过干预高危人群及手术方案的制定,降低近端交界性后凸的发生率。由于多种非手术因素和手术因素共同作用产生近端交界性后凸,仍需进行更严谨的流行病学研究为减少近端交界性后凸的发生提供可靠证据。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1890-0731(张健) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

截骨术矫治强直性脊柱炎胸腰段后凸畸形19例观察

目的:评价经T12或L1单节段经椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎胸腰交界段后凸畸形的临床疗效.方法:对19例后凸畸形位于胸腰交界段的静止期强直性脊柱炎患者,经后路行T12或L1单节段经椎弓根椎体截骨钉-棒系统内固定术.手术前后测量胸腰交界段Cobb'S角(T11～L2)、颌眉垂线角及身高,比较手术前后差异.结果:19例...     

Sagittal balance of thoracic lordoscoliosis: anterior dual rod instrumentation versus posterior pedicle screw fixation

Posterior pedicle screw fixation is now the standard treatment for surgical correction of idiopathic scoliosis and has largely replaced anterior techniques, but there have been reports describing a lordogenic effect of segmental pedicle screw instrumentation in the thoracic spine. This clinical study compared anterior dual rod instrumentation with posterior pedicle screw fixation for idiopathic thoracic lordoscoliosis, including 42 patients (7 male, 35 female; average age 16 years, range 12–34) who underwent posterior pedicle screw fixation (n = 20) or anterior dual rod instrumentation (n = 22) at two centers. The average follow-up period was 33 months (24–108 months). Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a structural thoracic curve (Lenke 1–3) and thoracic hypokyphosis (T4–T12 < 20°). The main thoracic curve magnitude and sagittal profile on standing radiographs were evaluated. Thoracic kyphosis was significantly restored from preoperatively 10.2° to 23.4° postoperatively in the anterior group and from 7.6° to 12.9° in the posterior group (P < 0.005). Kyphosis improved significantly better in the anterior group than in the posterior group (P < 0.005). The preoperative and postoperative main thoracic curve values were 63° (48–80°) and 25.2° in the anterior group and 60.6° (50–88°) and 23.6° in the posterior group, with no significant differences between the groups. No neurological or other severe complications were observed. Anterior dual rod instrumentation in patients with thoracic lordoscoliosis allows significantly better restoration of thoracic kyphosis than posterior pedicle screw instrumentation.     

Surgical treatment of cervical kyphosis

Cervical kyphosis is an uncommon but potentially debilitating and challenging condition. We reviewed the etiology, presentation, clinical and radiological evaluation, and treatment of cervical kyphosis. Based on the current controversy as to the ideal mode of surgical management, we paid particular attention to the available surgical strategies. There are three approaches for cervical kyphosis: the anterior, posterior or combined procedures. The principal indication for the posterior strategy is a flexible kyphosis or kyphosis caused by ankylosing spondylitis. The main point of debate is between the choice of the anterior or the combined strategy. The two strategies were compared with regard to clinical outcome, correction of deformity, rate of fusion, complications, revision surgery, and mortality. The combined strategy appears to result in a greater degree of correction than the anterior-alone strategy, and it is more likely to improve the cervical alignment to achieve a lordosis. However, the procedure carries a higher rate of postoperative neurological deterioration, complications, revision surgery, and mortality. Although the anterior-alone strategy achieves a smaller reduction of cervical kyphosis, it has a lower rate of postoperative neurological deterioration, complications, revision surgery, and mortality. We recommend that the surgical treatment of cervical kyphosis should be planned on an individual basis. A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study would be necessary to determine the ideal mode of treatment for complex cervical kyphosis.