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1.
American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) individuals are diverse culturally and geographically but share a high prevalence of chronic illness, largely because of obstacles to high-quality health care. The authors comprehensively examined cancer incidence and mortality among non-Hispanic AIAN individuals, compared with non-Hispanic White individuals for context, using population-based data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Overall cancer rates among AIAN individuals were 2% higher than among White individuals for incidence (2014 through 2018, confined to Purchased/Referred Care Delivery Area counties to reduce racial misclassification) but 18% higher for mortality (2015 through 2019). However, disparities varied widely by cancer type and geographic region. For example, breast and prostate cancer mortality rates are 8% and 31% higher, respectively, in AIAN individuals than in White individuals despite lower incidence and the availability of early detection tests for these cancers. The burden among AIAN individuals is highest for infection-related cancers (liver, stomach, and cervix), for kidney cancer, and for colorectal cancer among indigenous Alaskans (91.3 vs. 35.5 cases per 100,000 for White Alaskans), who have the highest rates in the world. Steep increases for early onset colorectal cancer, from 18.8 cases per 100,000 Native Alaskans aged 20–49 years during 1998 through 2002 to 34.8 cases per 100,000 during 2014 through 2018, exacerbated this disparity. Death rates for infection-related cancers (liver, stomach, and cervix), as well as kidney cancer, were approximately two-fold higher among AIAN individuals compared with White individuals. These findings highlight the need for more effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of chronic oncogenic infections and improve access to high-quality cancer screening and treatment for AIAN individuals. Mitigating the disparate burden will require expanded financial support of tribal health care as well as increased collaboration and engagement with this marginalized population.  相似文献   
2.
Metastatic brain disease frequently complicates extra central nervous system (CNS) neoplastic disease, with an increase in reported incidence over time. Brain parenchyma is the commonest anatomical site, with other lesions involving the spinal cord, dura and tissues surrounding the CNS. Metastases are usually characterised by a well-defined border with surrounding brain, although some can show an infiltrative edge. The use of appropriate immunohistochemical panels can help identify the origin of most tumours, and molecular testing should be performed according to the site of origin even if performed on a previous specimen due to potential changes in molecular characteristics. Reliable detection of leptomeningeal metastasis using CSF cytology relies on examination of an adequate volume of fluid; immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry can also be useful in the correct settings. Advances in the field include liquid biopsies, where circulating biomarkers are examined, and the use of methylation profiling to identify primary tumours.  相似文献   
3.
目的 比较改良眶隔法和传统睑板法切开重睑术中的应用效果及对术后重睑形态、瘢痕发生率、角膜暴露率的影响。方法 选取2020年3月-2021年3月首都医疗爱育华医院收治的80例单睑患者,采用随机数字表法将其分对照组和观察组,各40例。对照组接受传统睑板法切开重睑术,观察组接受改良眶隔法切开重睑术,比较两组术后重睑形态、瘢痕发生率、角膜暴露率、并发症发生率。结果 观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组GAIS评分高于对照组,VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组右侧角膜暴露率增加值、左侧角膜暴露率增加值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率为5.00%,低于对照组的22.50%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 相比于传统睑板法切开重睑术,改良眶隔法切开重睑术不会过度增加术后角膜暴露率,术后瘢痕发生率更低,重睑形态更理想,患者接受度更高。  相似文献   
4.
5.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer (PCa) can reduce PCa mortality, but also involves overdetection of low-risk disease with potential adverse effects. We evaluated PCa incidence among men with PSA below 3 ng/mL and no PCa diagnosis at the first screening round of the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for PCa. Follow-up started at the first screening attendance and ended at PCa diagnosis, emigration, death or the common closing date (December 2016), whichever came first. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios and their confidence intervals (CI). Among men with PSA <3 ng/mL, cumulative PCa incidence was 9.1% after 17.6 years median follow-up. Cumulative incidence was 3.6% among men with baseline PSA 0 to 0.99 ng/mL, 11.5% in those with PSA 1.0 to 1.99 ng/mL and 25.7% among men with PSA 2 to 2.99 ng/mL (hazard ratio 9.0, 95% CI: 7.9-10.2 for the latter). The differences by PSA level were most striking for low-risk disease based on Gleason score and EAU risk group. PSA values <1 ng/mL indicate a very low 20-year risk, while at PSA 2 to 2.99 ng/mL risks are materially higher, with 4- to 5-fold risk for aggressive disease. Using risk-stratification and appropriate rescreening intervals will reduce screening intensity and overdetection. Using cumulative incidence of clinically significant PCa (csPCa) as the criterion, rescreening intervals could range from approximately 3 years for men with initial PSA 2 to 2.99 ng/mL, 6 years for men with PSA 1 to 1.99 ng/mL to 10 years for men with PSA <1 ng/mL.  相似文献   
6.
Age-standardized cancer incidence has decreased over the last years for many cancer sites in developed countries. Whether these trends led to narrowing or widening socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence is unknown. Using cancer registry data covering 48 million inhabitants in Germany, the ecological association between age-standardized total and site specific (colorectal, lung, prostate and breast) cancer incidence in 2007 to 2018 and a deprivation index on district level (aggregated to quintiles) was investigated. Incidence in the most and least deprived districts were compared using Poisson models. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and differences in AAPCs between deprivation quintiles were assessed using Joinpoint regression analyses. Age-standardized incidence decreased strongly between 2007 and 2018 for total cancer and all cancer sites (except female lung cancer), irrespective of the level of deprivation. However, differences in the magnitude of trends across deprivation quintiles resulted in increasing inequalities over time for total cancer, colorectal and lung cancer. For total cancer, the incidence rate ratio between the most and least deprived quintile increased from 1.07 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.12) to 1.23 (1.12-1.32) in men and from 1.07 (1.01-1.13) to 1.20 (1.14-1.26) in women. Largest inequalities were observed for lung cancer with 82% (men) and 88% (women) higher incidence in the most vs the least deprived regions in 2018. The observed increase in inequalities in cancer incidence is in alignment with trends in inequalities in risk factor prevalence and partly utilization of screening. Intervention programs targeted at socioeconomically deprived and urban regions are highly needed.  相似文献   
7.
[摘要] 目的 分析河南省平顶山市2011—2020年乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行病学特征,为调整本市的乙肝防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法?通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集网络直报的平顶山市2011—2020年乙肝病例数据,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果?2011—2020年平顶山市共报告27 078例乙肝病例,年平均发病率为67.47/10万,2016—2020年期间的年平均发病率(36.95/10万)较2011—2015年期间(98.46/10万)明显下降(χ2=5628.949,P=0.000);急、慢性乙肝发病率分别为8.50/10万和57.88/10万;0~14岁以下儿童年平均发病率最低,为2.89/10万,随着年龄的增长,乙肝报告发病率呈现逐渐增高的趋势(χ2趋势=4644.258,P=0.000);男性年平均发病率(71.21/10万)高于女性(63.44/10万)(χ2=89.803,P=0.000);2016—2020年间发病率居前3位的分别为宝丰县(58.40/10万)、舞钢市(57.83/10万)、石龙区(56.50/10万),均为城郊地区。结论?平顶山市2011—2020年乙肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,尤以0~14岁以下儿童发病率较低。建议进一步加强成人乙肝防控工作,并重点加强宝丰县和舞钢市等高风险地区的防控工作。  相似文献   
8.
目的调查了解2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区职业病发病情况,为进一步制定针对性的职业病防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法从"职业病及健康危害因素监测信息系统"中导出2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区职业病报告卡,提取病例及用人单位基本情况和诊断信息等,采用SPSS 19.0软件建立数据库并进行描述性统计分析。结果2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区共报告新发职业病8类443例,发病例数除2012年出现爆发式增长外(236例,53.27%),其余年份发病较为平稳。男性441例,女性2例,以职业性尘肺病为主(409例,92.33%),患者平均发病年龄为60.55岁,平均接害工龄为2年(2,12),用人单位行业主要分布在建筑业(247例,61.29%)。尘肺病病例以壹期(236例,57.70%)、矽肺病例为主(343例,83.82%)。行业分布前3位分别为建筑业(246例,60.15%)、采矿业(80例,19.56%)和公共管理、社会保障和社会组织(54例,13.20%)。除尘肺病外其他类型职业病以职业性化学性中毒(14例)和职业性耳鼻口腔疾病(13例)居多,其中又以氟及其无机化合物中毒(10/14)及噪声聋(12/13)居多。结论尘肺病仍然是重庆市涪陵区职业病防治工作的重中之重,控制增量,保障现存患者的治疗和康复,提高其生存质量,是今后尘肺病防治工作的重点,同时应重点加强对噪声作业和氟作业危害的关注。  相似文献   
9.
ObjectiveNew-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery is common, with rates up to 60%. POAF has been associated with early and late stroke, but its association with other cardiovascular outcomes is less known. The objective was to perform a meta-analysis of the studies reporting the association of POAF with perioperative and long-term outcomes in patients with cardiac surgery.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies that presented outcomes for cardiac surgery on the basis of the presence or absence of POAF. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were assessed; 57 studies (246,340 patients) were selected. Perioperative mortality was the primary outcome. Inverse variance method and random model were performed. Leave-one-out analysis, subgroup analyses, and metaregression were conducted.ResultsPOAF was associated with perioperative mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-2.33), perioperative stroke (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.90-2.49), perioperative myocardial infarction (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.54), perioperative acute renal failure (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.42-3.11), hospital (standardized mean difference, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.53-1.07) and intensive care unit stay (standardized mean difference, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.24-0.86), long-term mortality (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.40-1.69), long-term stroke (IRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.21-1.46), and longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation (IRR, 4.73; 95% CI, 3.36-6.66).ConclusionsThe results suggest that POAF after cardiac surgery is associated with an increased occurrence of most short- and long-term cardiovascular adverse events. However, the causality of this association remains to be established.  相似文献   
10.
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