肝叶切除治疗肝内胆管结石临床体会

目的探讨肝叶切除治疗肝内胆管结石的方法及疗效。方法回顾性总结1992年12月至2004年12月间肝叶切除治疗112例肝内胆管结石的经验与体会。结果本组无手术死亡,术后并发症有胆漏3例(2.7%)、膈下感染5例(4.5%)、腹腔脓肿2例(1.8%)和肝衰1例(0.9%)等。本组获随访者103例,随访时间4月至13年,平均7年3月,76.7%术后症状消失,工作生活正常,17.5%偶有轻度胆管炎发作,5.8%仍反复发作严重胆道感染。结论肝叶切除术是治疗肝内胆管结石最有效的手段。     

肥大肝叶内胆管结石的处理

目的探讨在肝肥大-萎缩征中肥大肝叶内胆管结石的处理方法。方法回顾性分析我科1990年6月～2004年12月收治的103例肥大肝叶内胆管结石病人的临床资料，总结其手术治疗的原则和方法。结果全体病例均经手术治愈，术后残石率17．5％，效果优良率83．7％。结论肥大肝叶内的胆管结石，手术难度大，应根据病情选择手术方式，既要遵循肝胆管结石的治疗原则，又要保护赖以生存的肥大肝叶（段）。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效观察

目的 观察皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术(STHG)治疗区域性肝胆管结石的中远期疗效。方法 对我院1994年12月-2000年8月期间行STHG手术的31例患者术后并发症进行统计分析。结果 STHG术后并发症发生率低,且并发症种类少。结论 STHG保留了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能,维持了正常的胃肠道生理结构,能有效防止返流性胆管炎及术后的消化功能紊乱,是一种较为理想的治疗区域性肝胆管结石的术式。     

Expression of alpha-amylase isoenzymes and trypsin by the proliferating epithelium of large intrahepatic bile ducts and intrahepatic peribiliary glands in hepatolithiasis

The expression of alpha-amylase isoenzymes (pancreatic and salivary) and trypsin by the epithelium of large intrahepatic bile ducts and peribiliary glands was examined immunohistochemically in hepatolithiasis ( n = 22), extrahepatic biliary obstruction ( n = 20) and normal liver ( n = 22). Hepatolithiasis was associated with marked proliferation of bile duct cells and peribiliary glands. Expression of pancreatic and salivary amylase was observed in the proliferating bile duct cells and peribiliary glands of all livers, and trypsin was found in 68% of the livers. In extrahepatic biliary obstruction, proliferation of the biliary epithelium was less marked, but expression of amylase isoenzymes was observed in all livers and trypsin was found in 50%. All normal livers showed expression of amylase isoenzymes in large intrahepatic bile ducts, septal bile ducts and peribiliary glands, and trypsin was found in 73%. The density of enzyme-containing acini was highest in hepatolithiasis, intermediate in extrahepatic biliary obstruction and lowest in normal liver. These results show that the proliferating biliary epithelium in hepatolithiasis contains amylase isoenzymes and trypsin and that biliary epithelium retains the ability to produce these enzymes after proliferation, suggesting that a large amount of amylase isoenzymes and trypsin may be secreted into the bile ducts in hepatolithiasis. These enzymes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of hepatolithiasis.     

What is the impact of coexistence of hepatolithiasis on cholangiocarcinoma?

BACKGROUND: Hepatolithiasis is a well-known etiology of cholangiocarcinoma. However, whether or not hepatolithiasis influences the presentation of cholangiocarcinoma is not very clear. To help clarify this, we conducted the present study to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma with hepatolithiasis. As well, we made a comparison between the presence and absence of hepatolithiasis in patients with cholangiocarcinoma to determine the impact of hepatolithiasis. METHODS: Among 140 patients with histologically proven cholangiocarcinoma at the Taichung Veteran General Hospital between October 1982 and December 2000, 38 were found to have concomitant hepatolithiasis. Patients were evaluated on the basis of age, gender, presenting symptom, laboratory data, preoperative liver function (indocyanine green test), tumor markers, histological differentiation, lymph node involvement, and organ metastasis. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi-squared test and Student's t-test. Analysis of survival was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and univariate analysis and multivariate analyses for survival were performed by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The cholangiocarcinoma with hepatolithiasis group (CC + HL) was found to be predominantly female, with more common presentation of fever and less presentation of jaundice (P < 0.05). In addition, patients with cholangiocarcinoma without hepatolithiasis (CC - HL group) had higher serum bilirubin levels and more advanced histological differentiation (P < 0.05). As well, the percentage of resectability of the CC + HL group was higher than that of the CC - HL group, although it was not statistically significant. Univariate and multivariate analyses for overall survival showed that those patients with an age older than 65 years, hypoalbuminemia, poor histological differentiation, and a presence of hepatolithiasis were prone to a graver prognosis, albeit none of them were statistically significant. Resectability was the only independent predictor of a favorable prognosis with significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The clinicopathological features of cholangiocarcinoma with concomitant hepatolithiasis showed few differences from that without hepatolithiasis. Resectability was the only predictor that favored a good prognosis.     

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common bile duct and intrahepatic)

In this chapter the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of CBD stones (choledocholithiasis) and intrahepatic stones (hepatolithiasis) have been reviewed. Gallstones are extremely common in Western countries, where the prevalence of bile-duct stones is relatively low. In contrast, primary choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis appear to be more frequent in East Asian countries than in Western societies, where bile-duct stones are mostly secondary to gallbladder stones passing through the cystic duct. Primary bile-duct stones are composed predominantly of calcium bilirubinate, namely brown-pigment stones. The pathogenesis of primary bile-duct stones is based upon bile stasis and infection, which are associated with bile-duct strictures, extrahepatic anomalies and biliary parasites. In contrast, secondary stones are considered to originate from gallbladder stones, and are commonly composed of cholesterol. Congenital and acquired risk factors predisposing to bile-duct stones include anatomical anomalies, genetic diseases of bilirubin and cholesterol, bacterial infection, and socio-economic problems. Bile-duct stones typical present with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice (Charcot's triad), and in severe cases also hypotension and mental confusion (Raynold's pentad) which predicts a poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, silent cholangiocarcinoma develops in 10% of the intrahepatic stone cases even after the removal of stones, and therefore the follow-up of these cases is of clinical importance.     

T管出口预定位在肝胆管结石病人术后护理中的应用

目的:探讨T管出口预定位在肝胆管结石病人术后护理中的应用效果。方法:采用便利抽样法纳入2018年1月—2019年12月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)术后留置T管引流并携管出院的96例病人为研究对象。选择2018年1月—2018年12月的48例病人为对照组,其T管出口位置的确定方法为管道的头端到皮肤最短最直的距离为引流管出口位置,选择2019年1月—2019年12月的48例病人为观察组,术前由医生、护士和病人三方共同进行T管出口的预定位。比较两组病人术后舒适度、满意度及置管3月后刺激性皮炎的发生情况。结果:观察组病人管道出口位置相对理想,方便病人自我维护,术后舒适度、满意度均高于对照组(P<0.05),刺激性皮炎的发生率和严重程度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:T管术前预定位利于病人术后护理,可提高病人术后舒适度和满意度,减少T管留置并发症的发生。     

胆道镜辅助Glission蒂横断法在腹腔镜左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石的应用

目的：　探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜辅助Glisson蒂法解剖性左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石的可行性。方法：　回顾性分析2016年12月至2020年2月中国人民解放军西部战区总医院全军普外中心采用腹腔镜下胆道镜辅助Glisson蒂法解剖性左半肝切除处置的10例左肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果：　10例患者中男性4 例,女性6 例;年龄45~68 岁;10例患者均手术成功,手术时间245（200,320） min,术中出血300（200,650） mL,术中左肝蒂在胆道镜引导下采用一次性切割吻合器离断,离断位置良好,无一例出现保留侧胆管损伤,无一例出现大出血和胆漏;无一例出现中转开腹;术后不良事件轻微,1例患者出现轻微漏胆,1例出现少量胸腔积液,Clavien-Dindo并发症分级均为Ⅱ级,经保守治疗后痊愈;恢复流质饮食时间90~102 h,术后住院时间8~13 d,住院费用为（4.02±0.36）万元。结论：　腹腔镜下胆道镜辅助Glisson蒂法解剖性左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石在器械、技术保障下是安全、可行的,且不会增加患者住院费用。