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1.
《Journal of endodontics》2022,48(11):1407-1413
IntroductionInformation on the type of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) that is expressed in the Piezo2-positive (Piezo2+) neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and on the type of Piezo2+ axons and their distribution in the dental pulp is important for understanding dental pain elicited by mechanical stimuli and developing new therapeutic strategies.MethodsWe examined the expression of Piezo2 and its coexpression with VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in rat TG, the sensory root, and human dental pulp using light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis.ResultsVGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were expressed in the TG neurons. Piezo2 was expressed in axons of all types but primarily in small myelinated (Aδ) axons in the sensory root. In the dental pulp, Piezo2 was expressed densely in the numerous axons that form a plexus in the peripheral pulp. Piezo2+ axons in the peripheral pulp were mostly unmyelinated, and Piezo2 immunoreactivity was often concentrated near the axolemma, suggesting that it may represent functional receptors.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are involved in the glutamate signaling in Piezo2+ neurons, Piezo2 may be primarily activated by noxious mechanical stimuli, and Piezo2-mediated dental mechanotransduction may be primarily elicited in the peripheral pulp.  相似文献   
2.

Background

Glutamate plays a key role for post-ischaemic recovery of myocardial metabolism. According to post hoc analyses of the two GLUTAMICS trials, patients without diabetes benefit from glutamate with less myocardial dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Copeptin reflects activation of the Arginine Vasopressin system and is a reliable marker of heart failure but available studies in cardiac surgery are limited. We investigated whether glutamate infusion is associated with reduced postoperative rises of plasma Copeptin (p-Copeptin) after CABG.

Methods

A prespecified randomised double-blind substudy of GLUTAMICS II. Patients had left ventricular ejection fraction ≤0.30 or EuroSCORE II ≥3.0 and underwent CABG ± valve procedure. Intravenous infusion of 0.125 M L-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h was commenced 10–20 min before the release of the aortic cross-clamp and then continued for another 150 min P-Copeptin was measured preoperatively and postoperatively on day one (POD1) and day three. The primary endpoint was an increase in p-Copeptin from the preoperative level to POD1. Postoperative stroke ≤24 h and mortality ≤30 days were safety outcomes.

Results

We included 181 patients of whom 48% had diabetes. The incidence of postoperative mortality ≤30 days (0% vs. 2.1%; p = .50) and stroke ≤24 h (0% vs. 3.2%; p = .25) did not differ between the glutamate group and controls. P-Copeptin increased postoperatively with the highest values recorded on POD1 without significant inter-group differences. Among patients without diabetes, p-Copeptin did not differ preoperatively but postoperative rise from preoperative level to POD1 was significantly reduced in the glutamate group (73 ± 66 vs. 115 ± 102 pmol/L; p = .02). P-Copeptin was significantly lower in the Glutamate group on POD1 (p = .02) and POD 3 (p = .02).

Conclusions

Glutamate did not reduce rises of p-Copeptin significantly after moderate to high-risk CABG. However, glutamate was associated with reduced rises of p-Copeptin among patients without diabetes. These results agree with previous observations suggesting that glutamate mitigates myocardial dysfunction after CABG in patients without diabetes. Given the exploratory nature of these findings, they need to be confirmed in future studies.  相似文献   
3.
Precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) are key components of a midline network, activated during rest but also in tasks that involve construction of scene or situation models. Despite growing interest in PCu/PCC functional alterations in disease and disease risk, the underlying neurochemical modulators of PCu/PCC's task‐evoked activity are largely unstudied. Here, a multimodal imaging approach was applied to investigate whether interindividual differences in PCu/PCC fMRI activity, elicited during perceptual discrimination of scene stimuli, were correlated with local brain metabolite levels, measured during resting‐state 1H‐MRS. Forty healthy young adult participants completed an fMRI perceptual odd‐one‐out task for scenes, objects and faces. 1H‐MRS metabolites N‐acetyl‐aspartate (tNAA), glutamate (Glx) and γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA+) were quantified via PRESS and MEGA‐PRESS scans in a PCu/PCC voxel and an occipital (OCC) control voxel. Whole brain fMRI revealed a cluster in right dorsal PCu/PCC that showed a greater BOLD response to scenes versus faces and objects. When extracted from an independently defined PCu/PCC region of interest, scene activity (vs. faces and objects and also vs. baseline) was positively correlated with PCu/PCC, but not OCC, tNAA. A voxel‐wise regression analysis restricted to the PCu/PCC 1H‐MRS voxel area identified a significant PCu/PCC cluster, confirming the positive correlation between scene‐related BOLD activity and PCu/PCC tNAA. There were no correlations between PCu/PCC activity and Glx or GABA+ levels. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that scene activity in PCu/PCC is linked to local tNAA levels, identifying a neurochemical influence on interindividual differences in the task‐driven activity of a key brain hub.  相似文献   
4.
SHANK3 is a postsynaptic structural protein localized at excitatory glutamatergic synapses in which deletions and mutations have been implicated in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The expression of Shank3 ASD mutations causes impairments in ionotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated synaptic responses in neurons, which is thought to underlie ASD‐related behaviors, thereby indicating glutamatergic synaptopathy as one of the major pathogenic mechanisms. However, little is known about the functional consequences of ASD‐associated mutations in Shank3 on another important set of glutamate receptors, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Here, we further assessed how Shank3 mutations identified in patients with ASD (one de novo InsG mutation and two inherited point mutations, R87C and R375C) disrupt group I mGluR (mGluR1 and mGluR5) expression and function. To identify potential isoform‐specific deficits induced by ASD‐associated Shank3 mutations on group I mGluRs, we surface immunolabeled mGluR1 and mGluR5 independently. We also induced mGluR‐dependent synaptic plasticity (R,S‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine [DHPG]‐induced long‐term depression [LTD]) as well as N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐dependent LTD. ASD‐associated mutations in Shank3 differentially interfered with the ability of cultured hippocampal neurons to express mGluR5 and mGluR1 at synapses. Intriguingly, all ASD Shank3 mutations impaired mGluR‐dependent LTD without altering NMDAR‐dependent LTD. Our data show that the specific perturbation in mGluR‐dependent synaptic plasticity occurs in neurons expressing ASD‐associated Shank3 mutations, which may underpin synaptic dysfunction and subsequent behavioral deficits in ASD.  相似文献   
5.
6.
ObjectiveTo explore the effects of the levels of glutamine(Glx) and glutamate(Glu) on the early identification of neurobiochemical abnormalities in high-risk people with schizophrenia through Meta-analysis.  相似文献   
7.
Dopaminergic neurotoxicity is characterized by damage and death of dopaminergic neurons. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Therefore, the study of the mechanisms, as well as the search for new targets for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, is an important focus of modern neuroscience. PD is primarily caused by dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons; however, other neurotransmitter systems are also involved. Research reports have indicated that the glutamatergic system is involved in different pathological conditions, including dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Over the last two decades, the important functional interplay between dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems has stimulated interest in the possible role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the development of extrapyramidal disorders. However, the specific mechanisms driving these processes are presently unclear. The participation of the universal neuronal messenger nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotoxicity has attracted increased attention. The current paper aims to review the involvement of mGluRs and the contribution of NO to dopaminergic neurotoxicity. More precisely, we focused on studies conducted on the rotenone-induced PD model. This review is also an outline of our own results obtained using the method of electron paramagnetic resonance, which allows quantitation of NO radicals in brain structures.  相似文献   
8.
目的 观察并比较3种不同方法制备的通窍活血汤对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠的保护作用,并从星形胶质细胞谷氨酸(Glu)代谢通路探讨其作用机制。方法 选用SPF级雄性SD大鼠,以改良线栓法建立CIRI模型,将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、通窍活血汤水煎组、通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组,并设假手术组,分别给予对应药物灌胃,连续治疗7 d。通窍活血汤3个组的灌胃剂量为6.3 g·kg-1·d-1,假手术组和模型组给予同体积生理盐水灌胃。末次灌胃结束后,以神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)检测大鼠神经功能恢复情况,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察缺血脑组织的形态学变化,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测大鼠缺血脑组织中Glu含量的变化,免疫组织荧光法检测缺血脑组织中谷氨酸转运体-1(GLT-1)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和GFAP的共表达情况;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测缺血脑组织中GFAP,GLT-1和GS蛋白的表达情况。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠mNSS评分显著升高(P<0.01),缺血脑组织皮质大片坏死,细胞排列紊乱、边界模糊,出现细胞水肿及炎性浸润;缺血脑组织中Glu的含量显著增加(P<0.01),GLT-1与GFAP共表达及GS与GFAP共表达显著降低(P<0.01),GFAP蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01),GLT-1,GS蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组比较,3种方法制备的通窍活血组mNSS评分均显著降低(P<0.01),大鼠缺血脑组织皮质及海马神经细胞的损伤程度均有所减轻;缺血脑组织中Glu的含量均明显减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),GLT-1与GFAP共表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组GS与GFAP共表达明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),GS蛋白的表达显著升高(P<0.01)。与通窍活血汤水煎组比较,通窍活血汤醇提组GLT-1和GFAP共表达及GS和GFAP共表达明显增加(P<0.05),通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组GS蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),通窍活血汤醇提组Glu含量显著降低(P<0.01),GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与通窍活血汤酒煎组比较,通窍活血汤醇提组GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 3种方式制备的通窍活血汤皆可改善CIRI大鼠的神经功能,其作用可能通过促进星形胶质细胞的进一步活化,增加GLT-1和GS表达,促进星形胶质细胞通过Glu-Gln循环清除突触间隙中Glu的过度堆积,降低Glu兴奋性毒性作用而实现。通窍活血汤醇提组在降低缺血脑组织Glu含量、促进星形胶质细活化、增强GLT-1和GS蛋白表达方面优于通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤水煎组。  相似文献   
9.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe psychiatric disorder that has profound impact on an individual’s life and on society. Thus, developing more effective therapeutic interventions is essential. Over the past quarter‐century, an abundance of evidence from pharmacologic challenges, post‐mortem studies, brain imaging, and genetic studies supports the role of glutamatergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and the results of recent randomized clinical trials based on this evidence have yielded promising results. In this article, we review the evidence that alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission, especially focusing on the N‐methyl‐d ‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function, may be a critical causative feature of schizophrenia, how this contributes to pathologic circuit function in the brain, and how these insights are revealing whole new avenues for treatment development that could reduce treatment‐resistant symptoms, which account for persistent disability.  相似文献   
10.
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