创伤后重型急性弥漫性脑肿胀临床治疗策略

目的 探讨重型创伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀（PADBS）患者保守治疗与手术治疗的疗效。方法 分析 2016年1月—2019年12月该院神经外科收治的44例重型PADBS患者，根据治疗方式分为手术组和保守治疗组，统计入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分、头颅CT检查情况、伤后6个月格拉斯哥预后量表（GOS）评分等资料。结果 两组患者入院时年龄、性别及GCS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者伤后6个月时GOS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），但两组住院时间比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），手术组长于保守治疗组。结论 重型PADBS在无瞳孔变化及GCS评分下降的情况下，可密切观察病情下选择保守治疗。     

风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素患者的知信行现状及药学监护

目的： 分析风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素患者的知信行（knowledge-attitude-practice，KAP）现状及其影响因素；考察药学监护对KAP的影响，促进糖皮质激素在临床的合理应用。方法： 选取某三甲医院风湿免疫科门诊长期口服糖皮质激素患者246例，随机分为干预组和对照组（1：1），入组时采用一般资料调查表、自行设计的疾病与用药知识问卷、汉化的患者服药信念特异性量表（Brief medication questionnaire，BMQ）、Morisky药物依从性量表（Morisky medication adherence scale，MMAS-8）分析KAP现状及其影响因素，临床药师对干预组患者薄弱方面进行针对性干预，对照组进行常规教育。6个月后比较两组患者的KAP维度改善情况、不良反应发生率和疾病控制情况。结果： 风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素的患者知识得分（3.08±3.80）分，信念得分（0.96±2.95）分，行为得分（5.40±1.81）分，且自我管理知识、信念、行为三者之间均相关（P<0.01）。年龄和文化程度是影响患者自我管理知识的主要因素（P<0.01），病程是影响患者自我管理信念、行为得分的主要因素（P<0.01）。6个月后，干预组的KAP维度得分均较对照组有显著提高（P<0.05）；干预组的不良反应发生率低于对照组（52.03 %vs 57.72%）、疾病控制情况优于对照组（61.78 %vs 54.47%），但无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论： 风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素的患者自我管理KAP水平有待加强，临床药师针对其影响因素进行药学监护可显著提高其KAP水平，改善疾病控制水平。     

Improving glucocorticoid replacement profiles in adrenal insufficiency

There is an increased mortality associated with adrenal insufficiency despite glucocorticoid replacement therapy with a standardized mortality ratio greater than two. The cause of the increased mortality is yet to be definitively elucidated, but may be due to excess steroid exposure, or replacement regimens that are uncoupled from the normal physiological cortisol profile. Cortisol secretion follows an ultradian pattern which is not possible to reproduce using oral replacement. With the advent of new pumps, it is now possible to mimic the pulsatility of the adrenal glands. While the cognitive and emotional benefits of reproducing the ultradian rhythm are known, the presence of long‐term benefits is not yet clear. There is a dearth of evidence and high‐quality studies to underline our current understanding of the pathophysiology of adrenal insufficiency and replacement therapy. There is a particular lack of research comparing objective outcomes between patients receiving hydrocortisone replacement (either standard therapy or new sustained release preparations), prednisolone replacement and ultradian pumps. Direct comparative studies are now warranted to understand the optimal approach.     

Prenatal programming of stress responsiveness and behaviours: Progress and perspectives

Parental exposure to stress or glucocorticoids either before or during pregnancy can have profound influences on neurodevelopment, neuroendocrine function and behaviours in offspring. Specific outcomes are dependent on the nature, intensity and timing of the exposure, as well as species, sex and age of the subject. Most recently, it has become evident that outcomes are not confined to first‐generation offspring and that there may be intergenerational and transgenerational transmission of effects. There has been intense focus on the mechanisms by which such early exposure leads to long‐term and potential transgenerational outcomes, and there is strong emerging evidence that epigenetic processes (histone modifications, DNA methylation, and small non‐coding RNAs) are involved. New knowledge in this area may allow the development of interventions that can prevent, ameliorate or reverse the long‐term negative outcomes associated with exposure to early adversity. This review will focus on the latest research, bridging human and pre‐clinical studies, and will highlight some of the limitations, challenges and gaps that exist in the field.     

Treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. It develops in a dose and time dependent manner, due to a rapid and transient increase in bone resorption, followed by the inhibition of bone formation.     

Graft function 1 year after pregnancy in an islet‐transplanted patient

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but pregnancy has generally not been advised for women after receiving an islet allograft. We hereby describe what is to our knowledge the first successful pregnancy and persistent graft function in a woman 4 years after her initial islet transplantation. A 37‐year‐old woman with brittle type 1 diabetes was transplanted with two separate islet graft infusions, eventually becoming insulin independent. Ten months after her second transplantation, her immunosuppression was switched from tacrolimus and sirolimus to tacrolimus, azathioprine, and prednisolone, due to her wish to become pregnant. She became pregnant one year later, and after 38 weeks of uncomplicated pregnancy, she gave birth to a healthy child by C‐section. The current report suggests that pregnancy and childbirth can be accomplished after islet transplantation without loss of islet graft function.     

Medication of the dental pulp: a review and proposals

Abstract For years, dentists have desired to treat the intact dental pulp. Since it is well-known that many substances, including some drugs, arc capable of permeating dentin, we believe it is possible to treat certain types of pulpitis by applying drugs at the base of cavity preparations. Useful drugs include local anesthetics to block pain transmission, glucocorticoids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) to treat inflammation. NSA1A or narcotic analgesics for pain control, and antibiotics to treat infection. The literature is reviewed and proposals are presented to study medication of the dental pulp.     

The Effect of Dexamethasone on Postoperative Blood Glucose in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundPerioperative glucocorticoids are routinely administered to patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) to decrease postoperative pain and nausea. However, there is concern regarding the effects of glucocorticoids on perioperative glucose control in diabetes. The goal of this study is to determine if administration of preoperative dexamethasone to diabetic patients is significantly associated with hyperglycemia and increased insulin requirements in the immediate postoperative period after TJA and to identify risk factors for postoperative hyperglycemia immediately after TJA.MethodsA retrospective review of type 2 diabetic patients undergoing TJA from 2010 to 2015 (n = 285) was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on postoperative glucose control. Preoperative baseline characteristics were compared between patients who did and did not receive 8 mg of intravenous dexamethasone preoperatively. Postoperative glucose and insulin requirements were evaluated with respect to dexamethasone dosing. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression models.ResultsDexamethasone administration did not correlate with the maximum postoperative blood glucose (P = .78). There was a significantly higher initial postoperative blood glucose after intravenous dexamethasone administration (P < .01). Dexamethasone administration was associated with increased aspart insulin requirements on postoperative day 0 (P = .04). However, preoperative hemoglobin A1c was most strongly associated with postoperative glucose control.ConclusionPreoperative dexamethasone administration to diabetic patients was associated with an initial increase in blood glucose and increased insulin requirement on postoperative day 0. Yet the observed effect on glucose control in diabetic patients may not outweigh the known clinical benefits of perioperative glucocorticoids.