Treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. It develops in a dose and time dependent manner, due to a rapid and transient increase in bone resorption, followed by the inhibition of bone formation.     

Improving glucocorticoid replacement profiles in adrenal insufficiency

There is an increased mortality associated with adrenal insufficiency despite glucocorticoid replacement therapy with a standardized mortality ratio greater than two. The cause of the increased mortality is yet to be definitively elucidated, but may be due to excess steroid exposure, or replacement regimens that are uncoupled from the normal physiological cortisol profile. Cortisol secretion follows an ultradian pattern which is not possible to reproduce using oral replacement. With the advent of new pumps, it is now possible to mimic the pulsatility of the adrenal glands. While the cognitive and emotional benefits of reproducing the ultradian rhythm are known, the presence of long‐term benefits is not yet clear. There is a dearth of evidence and high‐quality studies to underline our current understanding of the pathophysiology of adrenal insufficiency and replacement therapy. There is a particular lack of research comparing objective outcomes between patients receiving hydrocortisone replacement (either standard therapy or new sustained release preparations), prednisolone replacement and ultradian pumps. Direct comparative studies are now warranted to understand the optimal approach.     

创伤后重型急性弥漫性脑肿胀临床治疗策略

目的 探讨重型创伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀（PADBS）患者保守治疗与手术治疗的疗效。方法 分析 2016年1月—2019年12月该院神经外科收治的44例重型PADBS患者，根据治疗方式分为手术组和保守治疗组，统计入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分、头颅CT检查情况、伤后6个月格拉斯哥预后量表（GOS）评分等资料。结果 两组患者入院时年龄、性别及GCS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者伤后6个月时GOS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），但两组住院时间比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），手术组长于保守治疗组。结论 重型PADBS在无瞳孔变化及GCS评分下降的情况下，可密切观察病情下选择保守治疗。     

风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素患者的知信行现状及药学监护

目的： 分析风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素患者的知信行（knowledge-attitude-practice，KAP）现状及其影响因素；考察药学监护对KAP的影响，促进糖皮质激素在临床的合理应用。方法： 选取某三甲医院风湿免疫科门诊长期口服糖皮质激素患者246例，随机分为干预组和对照组（1：1），入组时采用一般资料调查表、自行设计的疾病与用药知识问卷、汉化的患者服药信念特异性量表（Brief medication questionnaire，BMQ）、Morisky药物依从性量表（Morisky medication adherence scale，MMAS-8）分析KAP现状及其影响因素，临床药师对干预组患者薄弱方面进行针对性干预，对照组进行常规教育。6个月后比较两组患者的KAP维度改善情况、不良反应发生率和疾病控制情况。结果： 风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素的患者知识得分（3.08±3.80）分，信念得分（0.96±2.95）分，行为得分（5.40±1.81）分，且自我管理知识、信念、行为三者之间均相关（P<0.01）。年龄和文化程度是影响患者自我管理知识的主要因素（P<0.01），病程是影响患者自我管理信念、行为得分的主要因素（P<0.01）。6个月后，干预组的KAP维度得分均较对照组有显著提高（P<0.05）；干预组的不良反应发生率低于对照组（52.03 %vs 57.72%）、疾病控制情况优于对照组（61.78 %vs 54.47%），但无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论： 风湿免疫科长期口服糖皮质激素的患者自我管理KAP水平有待加强，临床药师针对其影响因素进行药学监护可显著提高其KAP水平，改善疾病控制水平。     

临床药师参与1例肝衰竭患者糖皮质激素治疗的分析与药学监护

目的 探讨临床药师参与患者药物治疗方案的制订和药学监护的方法。方法 结合1例乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝功能衰竭患者的糖皮质激素治疗方案,分析糖皮质激素治疗的机制、应用时机、剂量疗程,并对相关不良反应进行药学监护。结果 临床药师的意见被采纳,患者经治疗后病情趋于好转。结论 临床药师参与患者治疗及药学监护,协助医生进行给药方案的调整,有助于药物治疗的安全性和有效性。     

Medication of the dental pulp: a review and proposals

Abstract For years, dentists have desired to treat the intact dental pulp. Since it is well-known that many substances, including some drugs, arc capable of permeating dentin, we believe it is possible to treat certain types of pulpitis by applying drugs at the base of cavity preparations. Useful drugs include local anesthetics to block pain transmission, glucocorticoids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) to treat inflammation. NSA1A or narcotic analgesics for pain control, and antibiotics to treat infection. The literature is reviewed and proposals are presented to study medication of the dental pulp.     

瘦素和皮质醇与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素、皮质醇水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法以稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）作为评估胰岛素抵抗程度的指标，采用放射免疫法测定瘦素与糖皮质激素水平，分别测定30例2型糖尿病患者和30例对照组患者的空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、瘦素、皮质醇。结果2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素、糖皮质激素水平高于对照组，且呈正相关。多元逐步回归分析提示瘦素、糖皮质激素是胰岛素抵抗的独立影响因素。结论血清瘦素、皮质激素水平与胰岛素抵抗在2型糖尿病患者呈正相关，并且是2型糖尿病的独立危险因子。