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信息物理系统(CPS)在原本的工控系统中加入了计算单元,使攻击者能够通过对该网络进行攻击。本文考虑攻击者通过恶意篡改信道中传输的传感器测量数据,使计算单元无法根据测量值对物理环境做出正确决策。通过改进针对CPS控制层欺骗攻击的卡尔曼滤波器算法,使改进后的算法对多种类型的欺骗攻击都有较好的检测性能,并能在一定程度上恢复被篡改的数据。本文使用改进算法对田纳西伊斯曼过程中反应釜内的压强测量值进行攻击检测,并与原算法进行比较,通过实验可以验证改进后算法对偏差型和几何型攻击的检测和恢复效果明显优于原算法。  相似文献   
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IntroductionVertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a condition that results from restricted blood flow to the posterior portions of the brain, which are primarily served by the vertebral and basilar arteries. It is the most common cause of vertigo in the elderly and is usually accompanied by impaired vision and sensation. Congenital abnormalities, atherosclerosis, stroke and/or trauma may all lead to decreased vertebrobasilar circulation. A syndrome called Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS), which manifests with similar neurological symptoms but with a different pathophysiology, may also cause VBI.Case presentationA middle-aged female presented with gradual onset fainting and vertigo attacks. Cardiac, auditory and autonomic etiologies were investigated and excluded. Clinical findings and presentation were highly suggestive of subclavian steal. However, subsequent CT angiography showed normal subclavian arteries. Instead, findings included a persistent right trigeminal artery (PTA), stenosis of the right proximal internal carotid artery, atresis of the left vertebral artery and distal segment of right vertebral artery, congenitally compromised changes in vertebral circulation (bilateral absence of the posterior communicating arteries (PCOMs)) and an absent anterograde vertebrobasilar circulation. Symptoms resolved after carotid endarterectomy.DiscussionDue to the absence of a normally developed posterior circulation, the PTA was the main source of blood supply for the patient. Development of recent artheromatous changes in the right internal carotid artery, however, resulted in decreased blood through PTA, further compromising posterior circulation. This resulted in vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and manifested in symptomology similar to SSS.ConclusionsThis clinical encounter illustrates the relative contribution of anatomical and vasoocclusive factors in closely mimicking symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome.  相似文献   
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《Vaccine》2015,33(46):6340-6350
BackgroundRecent clinical evidence indicates that an intradermal (ID) delivery of vaccines confers superior immunogenicity as compared to a standard intramusclular or subcutaneous (SC) delivery.MethodsIn this exploratory study, 600 healthy adults were randomized to 6 study groups with subgroups of young adults (20–64 years old) and older adults (65 years and older). The subjects were either injected by a novel ID injection system with a single dose of 6, 9, or 15 μg HA or two doses (21 days apart) of 15 μg HA per strain or injected by an SC injection method with a single or two doses (21 days apart) of 15 μg HA per strain. Immunogenicity was assessed using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer and microneutralization titer on Days 0, 10, 21, and 42. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events were recorded for 7 and 21 days post-vaccination, respectively.ResultsIn both young adults and older adults groups, the geometric titer (GMT) ratios of HAI in the ID 15 μg HA group were higher than those in the SC 15 μg HA group on both Day 10 and Day 21, while those in the ID 6 and ID 9 μg HA groups were comparable with those in the SC 15 μg HA group. The kinetics of GMTs of HAI suggested that the ID vaccine has the potential to induce the prompt immune response, which is rather hampered in older adults as seen in the SC vaccine groups. The injection-site AEs were generally mild and transient, and did not occur in a dose or dosage-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results of this study clearly suggest that the immunologic profile of the ID vaccine is better than that of the SC vaccine, while the safety profile of the ID vaccine is similar to that of the SC vaccine. In this exploratory study with almost 100 subjects per each group, single or two-dose administration of the ID vaccine containing 15 μg HA was suggested to be an appropriate regimen in order to prevent influenza and to reduce the associated disease burden.Trial registrationJAPIC Clinical Trials Information (JapicCTI-132096).  相似文献   
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目的:探讨老年短暂性脑缺血(TIA)患者颈动脉结构与血流动力学参数对认知功能的影响。方法48例老年TIA患者均接受超声检查,并接受简易精神状态检查(MMSE)评分及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评测。根据患者颈动脉狭窄程度将其分为无狭窄-轻度狭窄组(32例)及中重度狭窄组(16例),观察患者颈动脉狭窄及血流动力学指标,比较不同程度颈动脉狭窄患者MMSE评分及WCST各项指标的差异。结果(1)无狭窄-轻度狭窄者血流速度(PSV)显著高于中重度狭窄者,搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)显著低于中重度狭窄者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)无狭窄-轻度狭窄者MMSE评分为(27.65±7.86)分,显著高于中重度狭窄者的(24.56±6.54)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);WCST各项指标比较,无狭窄-轻度狭窄者完成分类数、概念化水平显著高于WCST中重度狭窄者,错误应答数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数显著低于中重度狭窄者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)颈动脉狭窄程度与MMSE评分存在显著负相关(r=-0.393,P<0.05),与WCST指标持续性应答数间存在显著正相关(r=0.423,P<0.05)。血流动力学指标PSV与MMSE评分存在显著负相关(r=-0.411,P<0.05),与WCST指标持续性应答数间存在显著正相关(r=0.402,-0.05)。结论老年TIA颈动脉狭窄及血流动力学指标与其认知功能间关系密切,颈动脉狭窄程度越重,血流动力学指标改变越明显,患者认知功能障碍越严重。  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to assess the use of different positioning systems and sampling frequencies to measure spatial-positioning variables in team sports. Articles were selected when the sampling frequency was detailed. 2,194 articles were identified and 59 works were selected for the systematic review. The sampling frequency used to measure tactical behaviour differed considerably among studies. For Global Navigation Satellite System, the sampling frequency ranged from 5- to 15 Hz for raw data, the most commonly used sampling frequency being 5 Hz. For Optic-based tracking systems, the sampling frequency ranged from 10- to 30 Hz. For Local Position System, the sampling frequency ranged from 45- to 100 Hz, the most commonly used sampling frequency being 42 Hz and 57.7 Hz. There is no common criterion in the sampling frequency used to measure each tactical variable. Further studies should investigate the impact of the sampling frequency on the measurement of the tactical variables.  相似文献   
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[摘要]目的:系统评价阿奇霉素辅助治疗支气管哮喘的疗效和安全性。方法:检索PubMed、Medline、EMBASE、Cochrane library、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库及维普中文科技期刊数据库,检索时间均从建库至2017年9月30日,筛选纳入10篇随机对照试验。根据Cochrane系统评价员手册对文献质量评价。所有研究对象分为阿奇霉素组和对照组(未使用阿奇霉素)。结局指标为哮喘急性发作频率、缓解药物的使用次数、哮喘生存质量问卷(AQLQ)评分、哮喘控制问卷(ACQ)评分、肺功能指标及不良反应发生率。应用RevMan软件进行Meta分析。结果:对纳入的10篇临床随机对照试验(n=1 060)进行Meta分析,结果显示:(1)阿奇霉素组与对照组哮喘急性发作频率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对其进行亚组分析,两组非嗜酸粒细胞性患者哮喘急性发作频率比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.01),两组嗜酸粒细胞性患者哮喘急性发作频率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.95)。(2)阿奇霉素组与对照组哮喘缓解药物使用次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)阿奇霉素组与对照组AQLQ(P>0.05)、ACQ(P>0.05)比较差异无统计学意义。(4)阿奇霉素组与对照组PEF(P<0.01)、FEV1(P<0.01)比较差异均有统计学意义。(5)阿奇霉素组恶心(P<0.01)、腹泻(P<0.01)与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义。结论:阿奇霉素可能预防部分持续性哮喘患者急性发作,可改善哮喘患者PEF、FEV1%水平,然而在减少哮喘药物的使用及改善生活质量无明显作用。长期服用阿奇霉素可能会增加恶心、腹泻等消化道不良反应,无其他严重不良反应。  相似文献   
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