INFLUENCE OF DIET ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF RED CELL AND NEURAL MEMBRANES

Increasing dietary 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 causes similar relative changes in fatty acid profiles of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from rat neural and erythrocyte membranes.     

Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity

Background. The “obesogenicity” of modern environments is fueling the obesity pandemic. We describe a framework, known as ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity), which is a conceptual model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments and a practical tool for prioritizing environmental elements for research and intervention.Methods: Development of the ANGELO framework. The basic framework is a 2 × 4 grid which dissects the environment into environmental size (micro and macro) by type: physical (what is available), economic (what are the costs), political (what are the “rules”), and sociocultural (what are the attitudes and beliefs). Within this grid, the elements which influence food intake and physical activity are characterized as obe sogenic or “leptogenic” (promoting leanness).Results: Application of the ANGELO framework. The ANGELO framework has been piloted at the population level (island communities) to prioritize the settings/sectors for intervention and at the setting level (fast food outlets) to prioritize research needs and interventions. Environmental elements were prioritized by rating their validity (evidence of impact), relevance (to the local context), and potential changeability.Conclusions. The ANGELO framework appears to be a flexible and robust instrument for the needs analysis and problem identification stages of reducing the obe sogenicity of modern environments.     

Omega-9 Modifies Viscoelasticity and Augments Bone Strength and Architecture in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Murine Model

The influence of diet on the development of osteoporosis is significant and not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of diets of varying lipid profiles and ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 composition on the structural and mechanical properties of bone. The hypothesis studied was that a diet high in saturated fat would induce osteoporosis and produce an overall increased detrimental bony response when compared with a diet high in unsaturated ω-6, or ω-9. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet, 50:50 mix (saturated:unsaturated) high in ω-9 (HFD^50:50), a diet high in saturated fat (HSF) or a polyunsaturated fat diet high in ω-6 (PUFA) over an 8-week duration. Tibiae were retrieved and evaluated using DMA, 3-point-bending, histomorphometry, and microCT. Mice fed a HSF diet displayed key features characteristic of osteoporosis. The loss tangent was significantly increased in the HFD^50:50 diet group compared with control (p = 0.016) and PUFA-fed animals (p = 0.049). HFD^50:50-fed mice presented with an increased viscous component, longer tibiae, increased loss modulus (p = 0.009), and ultimate stress, smaller microcracks (p < 0.001), and increased trabecular width (p = 0.002) compared with control animals. A diet high in ω-9 resulted in an overall superior bone response and further analysis of its role in bone health is warranted.     

动脉粥样硬化大鼠实验模型的建立

目的 :建立动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型。方法 :4 0只雄性 Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组 (10只 )和实验组 (30只 )。实验组在喂食开始时一次性腹腔注射维生素 D 6 0万 IU / kg,喂食高脂饲料 ;对照组给予同等体积的生理盐水 ,喂食基础饲料。观察主动脉、心脏、肝脏的病理变化 ,并根据病变程度评分。结果 :对照组大鼠未出现明显病变。实验组大鼠 2周后未出现明显病变。4周后大鼠主动脉出现动脉粥样硬化斑块 ,病变评分为 0 .5 0± 0 .39;冠状血管仅出现少量脂质浸润 ;心肌组织有少量脂质沉积 ;肝脏切片油红 O染色呈强阳性。 6周后主动脉斑块增多 ,病变评分为 0 .75± 0 .34;冠状动脉形成典型动脉粥样硬化病变 ,病变评分为 1.12± 0 .4 8;心肌组织脂质沉积严重 ,病变区心肌细胞胞质内出现大量红染颗粒。其发病病理过程与人类相似。结论 :成功建立了快速简便的大鼠动脉粥样硬化模型 ,可用于动脉粥样硬化的病理及药理研究     

中国药典2020年版脂肪与脂肪油测定法增订内容解析及反式脂肪酸检测实例

目的 解析中国药典2020年版通则0713“脂肪与脂肪油测定法”增订内容.方法 将增订项目与国外药典比较,介绍增订项目的概念、测定原理及应用,并应用反式脂肪酸检测方法对大豆油(供注射用)进行测定.结果 增订的不皂化物、碱性杂质、脂肪酸组成、甲氧基苯胺值、甾醇组成和反式脂肪酸体现了近年来中国脂肪与脂肪油测定领域的新理念、...     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂减低大鼠体内脂肪

目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂-Candesratan对大鼠脂肪细胞形态和功能的影响。方法:20只雄性W istarKyoto大鼠分为治疗组和对照组,分别予以口服Candesartan(10 mg.kg-1.d-1)和安慰剂,每周监测摄食量和体重变化。17周后处死大鼠,收集附睾和肾周围脂肪组织并称重;同时分离附睾脂肪细胞,测量细胞直径,抽提并测定脂肪组织甘油三酯;测定血浆生化、胰岛素、瘦素和脂联素;通过RT-PCR测定附睾脂肪瘦素、脂联素和前脂肪细胞因子-1mRNA基因表达。结果:Candesartan治疗组大鼠体重和体内脂肪含量较对照组明显减低,附睾脂肪细胞缩小,细胞构成升高,但总细胞数无明显表化;两组间血糖和胰岛素无显著差异,治疗组血瘦素水平和脂肪组织瘦素mRNA表达均降低,而血脂联素水平升高、脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达增加,前脂肪细胞因子-1mRNA表达则无变化。结论:血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂使脂肪细胞缩小,从而减少脂肪组织含量,同时增加脂联素的合成和分泌。     

Altered Fetal Skeletal Muscle Nutrient Metabolism Following an Adverse In Utero Environment and the Modulation of Later Life Insulin Sensitivity

The importance of the in utero environment as a contributor to later life metabolic disease has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we consider how disruption of normal fetal growth may impact skeletal muscle metabolic development, ultimately leading to insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity, a key precursor to later life metabolic disease. In cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with hypoxia, where the fetus fails to reach its full growth potential, low birth weight (LBW) is often the outcome, and early in postnatal life, LBW individuals display modifications in the insulin-signaling pathway, a critical precursor to insulin resistance. In this review, we will present literature detailing the classical development of insulin resistance in IUGR, but also discuss how this impaired development, when challenged with a postnatal Western diet, may potentially contribute to the development of later life insulin resistance. Considering the important role of the skeletal muscle in insulin resistance pathogenesis, understanding the in utero programmed origins of skeletal muscle deficiencies in insulin sensitivity and how they may interact with an adverse postnatal environment, is an important step in highlighting potential therapeutic options for LBW offspring born of pregnancies characterized by placental insufficiency.     

Dietary fatty acids intake and mortality in patients with heart failure

ObjectiveDietary strategies in heart failure (HF) are focused on sodium and fluid restriction to minimize the risk for acute volume overload episodes. However, the importance of dietary factors beyond sodium intake in the prognosis of the disease is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of macro- and micronutrients intake on 1-y mortality in patients with HF.MethodsA secondary analysis of 203 patients with chronic HF enrolled in a randomized trial of sodium reduction was completed. Patients with a complete 3-d food record at baseline were included in this analysis (N = 118); both control and intervention arms were combined. Three-d mean dietary intake was estimated. Cox multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and 1-y mortality.ResultsAmong the 118 included patients, 54% were men, median (25th–75th percentiles) age 66 y (52–75 y), median ejection fraction 45% (30%–60%), and ischemic etiology present in 49% of patients. The association with 1-y mortality was significant for both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]. 0.51–0.86 for intake as percentage of daily energy) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.30 for intake as percentage of daily energy). Median of intake as percentage of daily energy was 5.3% for PUFAs and 8.2% for SFAs.ConclusionsIntake of PUFAs and SFAs was independently associated with 1-y all-cause mortality in patients with chronic HF. Limiting dietary SFA and increasing PUFA intake may be advisable in this population.     

High saturated fat and low starch and fibre are associated with hyperinsulinaemia in a non-diabetic population: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study

Summary A geographically based sample of 1069 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons aged 20–74 years, living in southern Colorado and who tested normal on an oral glucose tolerance test (World Health Organization criteria) were evaluated to determine associations of dietary factors with fasting serum insulin concentrations. Subjects were seen for up to three visits from 1984 to 1992. A 24-h diet recall and fasting insulin concentrations were collected at all visits. In longitudinal data analysis, lower age, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, higher body mass index, higher waist circumference, and no vigorous activity were significantly related to higher fasting insulin concentrations. High total and saturated fat intake were associated with higher fasting insulin concentrations after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, waist circumference, total energy intake and physical activity. Dietary fibre and starch intake were inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations. No associations with fasting insulin concentrations were observed for monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, sucrose, glucose and fructose intake. Associations were similar in men and women and for active and inactive subjects, though associations of fibre and starch intake with insulin concentrations were strongest in lean subjects. These findings support animal studies and a limited number of human population studies which have suggested that increased saturated and total fat intake and decreased fibre and starch intake increase fasting insulin concentrations and may also increase insulin resistance. These findings, which relate habitual macronutrient consumption to hyperinsulinaemia in a large population, may have implications for studies attempting primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 430–438] Received: 6 August 1996 and in revised form: 17 December 1996     

老年糖尿病脂餐后脂代谢变化规律的进一步研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病脂餐后脂代谢变化规律。方法测定30例老年糖尿病患者空腹与脂肪餐后2、4、6、8h的总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）及载脂蛋白B（ApoB），并与10例健康老人及10例老年单纯高脂血症患者作对照。结果①老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的HDL-C及ApoA，明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），其他脂代谢指标各时点组间差异均无显著性。②老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h等5个时点的TC明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、8h4个时点的TG明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组餐后4、6、8h3个时点的LDL-C明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的HDL-C与高脂血症组比较，差异均无显著性；老年糖尿病组餐后2、4、6h3个时点的ApoA，明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的ApoB明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）。⑧老年糖尿病组HDL-C．曲线下面积（AUC）及ApoA1-AUC明显小于对照组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组LDL-C-AUC及ApoA1-AUC明显小于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）。结论HDL-C及ApoA1下降是老年糖尿病患者空腹及餐后脂代谢紊乱的主要特征。3组人群空腹血脂指标高低决定餐后血脂的变化，与是否患有糖尿病无关。