间歇性禁食法在糖尿病前期及糖尿病病人中的应用进展

对间歇性禁食法的概念、方法及形式、历史发展以及在糖尿病前期及糖尿病病人中的应用效果等进行介绍,阐述间歇性禁食法研究现状,总结间歇性禁食法对糖尿病前期和糖尿病病人的有益影响。     

Case Report: Transient Stress Hyperglycemia in the Patient With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Transient stress hyperglycemia in the setting of acute myocardial infarction is a frequent phenomenon. Its transient nature should not dissuade the clinician from management of elevated blood glucose in a patient after an ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This case presents an adult patient after an ST-elevation myocardial infarction with transient stress hyperglycemia and the evidence used to identify optimal pharmacologic management and secondary prevention.     

Nutraceuticals use and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated metabolic disease and has become one of the significant medical problems worldwide. Researchers aim to provide fine-tuned treatment for T2DM with minimal exposed side effects. Nutraceuticals are compounds or materials and emerging evidence suggests that the use of nutraceuticals has recently been recognized as a promising option for the prevention and management of T2DM, such as probiotics and prebiotics, Vitamin D, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Plant-derived nutraceuticals. This review attempts to show the most popular nutraceuticals and review their effects and possible mechanisms in the prevention or glycemic control of T2DM.     

轻断食饮食模式为主的营养治疗对超重及肥胖人群的干预研究

目的分析轻断食饮食模式为主的营养治疗对超重及肥胖人群的效果。方法将2018年11月～2019年8月我院收治的200例肥胖患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,各100例,对照组给予正常饮食,观察组给予轻断食饮食模式为主的营养治疗。对比两组患者治疗前后一般指标,血糖血脂指标等。结果两组治疗前血压,CPR,体重以及体脂百分比指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组血压,CPR,体脂百分比以及体重显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前两组血糖指标无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组餐后血糖指标显著低于对照组(P0.05);治疗前两组血脂指标无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组血脂指标显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论轻断食饮食模式为主的营养治疗对于肥胖人群具有显著的减重效果,能够有效的改善患者的应激状态与血糖、血脂水平,具有较高的安全性,使用价值高,值得推广。     

Association of malnutrition with all-cause mortality in the elderly population: A 6-year cohort study

Background and aimsFew studies have explored the association between malnutrition, defined by the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and all-cause mortality, particularly in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the association between the GNRI and all-cause mortality in the elderly population.Methods and resultsParticipants aged ≥60 years were eligible for this study and were divided into three groups by the GNRI: An adequate nutrition group, participants with a GNRI ≥98; mild malnutrition group, participants with a GNRI ≥82 but <98; and a severe malnutrition group, participants with a GNRI <82. The results implied that there was a positive association between severe malnutrition and all-cause mortality in the total population (hazard ratio (HR): 2.591 and 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.729–3.884), male subjects (HR: 2.903 and 95% CI: 1.718–4.906), and female subjects (HR: 2.081 and 95% CI: 1.071–4.046). Similar associations between severe malnutrition and all-cause mortality were observed in both the 60–69 and 70–79 years age groups (HR: 2.863 and 2.600, 95% CI: 1.444–5.678 and 1.394–4.849, respectively). However, no significant association was observed between mild malnutrition and all-cause mortality.ConclusionsSevere malnutrition could increase all-cause mortality in the 60- to 79-year-old population. However, there was no association of mild malnutrition with all-cause mortality.     

The impact of diabetes on periodontal diseases

The susceptibility and severity of periodontal diseases is made more severe by diabetes, with the impact on the disease process inversely proportional to the level of glycemic control. Although type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus have different etiologies, and their impact on bone is not identical, they share many of the same complications. Studies in animals and humans agree that both forms of diabetes increase inflammatory events in periodontal tissue, impair new bone formation, and increase expression of RANKL in response to bacterial challenge. High levels of glucose, reactive oxygen species, and advanced glycation end-products are found in the periodontium of diabetic individuals and lead to increased activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Studies in animals, moreover, suggest that there are multiple cell types in periodontal tissues that are affected by diabetes, including leukocytes, vascular cells, mesenchymal stem cells, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. The etiology of periodontal disease involves the host response to bacterial challenge that is affected by diabetes, which increases the expression of RANKL and reduces coupled bone formation. In addition, the inflammatory response also modifies the oral microbiota to render it more pathogenic, as demonstrated by increased inflammation and bone loss in animals where bacteria are transferred from diabetic donors to germ-free hosts compared with transfer from normoglycemic donors. This approach has the advantage of not relying upon limited knowledge of the specific bacterial taxa to determine pathogenicity, and examines the overall impact of the microbiota rather than the presumed pathogenicity of a few bacterial groups. Thus, animal studies have provided new insights into pathogenic mechanisms that identify cause-and-effect relationships that are difficult to perform in human studies.