浙江省2015~2020年热带气旋对白纹伊蚊密度和登革热发病率的影响

目的 探索浙江省热带气旋与白纹伊蚊密度和人群登革热发病率的关联性。 方法 收集浙江省2015~2020年4~11月每日热带气旋数据、登革热发病数据和气象数据及每半月媒介伊蚊监测数据。利用广义相加模型分析热带气旋对白纹伊蚊密度和登革热发病的影响及滞后效应,其中热带气旋对登革热发病的影响进行年龄亚组分析。 结果 热带气旋可增加浙江省登革热发病风险,在滞后0、2 d时达到峰值,居民发病风险增加0.37倍(RR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.06~1.78;RR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.09~1.72)。不同年龄人群受到的影响不同,在滞后3、7 d时,45岁以上人群发病风险分别增加0.51倍(RR=1.51,95%CI:1.08~2.13)和0.58倍(RR=1.58,95%CI:1.16~2.16);在滞后5 d时,60岁以上人群发病风险达到最大(RR=1.64, 95%CI:1.12~2.40)。纳入布雷图指数的广义相加模型分析结果显示,热带气旋对登革热发病的影响在浙江省受到热带气旋影响的半月内最大,且45岁以下和60岁以上人群发病风险较高。在受到热带气旋影响的半月内布雷图指数更高,差异具有统计学意义。热带气旋不同累计影响天数的组间布雷图指数差异不具有统计学意义。 结论 热带气旋能增加人群登革热发病风险,60岁以上和45岁以下人群为高危人群,应采取有效措施加强对脆弱人群的保护,降低登革热发病风险。热带气旋期间蚊媒密度上升,应及时开展蚊媒消杀工作,降低区域内蚊媒密度。     

Lower limb injuries caused by improvised explosive devices: Proposed ‘Bastion classification’ and prospective validation

Background

Complex lower limb injury caused by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has become the signature wounding pattern of the conflict in Afghanistan. Current classifications neither describe this injury pattern well, nor correlate with management. There is need for a new classification, to aid communication between clinicians, and help evaluate interventions and outcomes. We propose such a classification, and present the results of an initial prospective evaluation.

Patients and methods

The classification was developed by a panel of military surgeons whilst deployed to Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. Injuries were divided into five classes, by anatomic level. Segmental injuries were recognised as a distinct entity. Associated injuries to the intraperitoneal abdomen, genitalia and perineum, pelvic ring, and upper limbs, which impact on clinical management and resources, were also accounted for.

Results

Between 1 November 2010 and 20 February 2011, 179 IED-related lower limb injuries in 103 consecutive casualties were classified, and their subsequent vascular and musculoskeletal treatment recorded. 69% of the injuries were traumatic amputations, and the remainder segmental injuries. 49% of casualties suffered bilateral lower limb amputation. The most common injury was class 3 (involving proximal lower leg or thigh, permitting effective above-knee tourniquet application, 49%), but more proximal patterns (class 4 or 5, preventing effective tourniquet application) accounted for 18% of injuries. Eleven casualties had associated intraperitoneal abdominal injuries, 41 suffered genital or perineal injuries, 9 had pelvic ring fractures, and 66 had upper limb injuries. The classification was easy to apply and correlated with management.

Conclusions

The ‘Bastion classification’ is a pragmatic yet clinically relevant injury categorisation, which describes current injury patterns well, and should facilitate communication between clinicians, and the evaluation of interventions and outcomes. The validation cohort confirms that the injury burden from IEDs in the Helmand Province of Afghanistan remains high, with most casualties sustaining amputation through or above the knee. The rates of associated injury to the abdomen, perineum, pelvis and upper limbs are high. These findings have important implications for the training of military surgeons, staffing and resourcing of medical treatment facilities, to ensure an adequate skill mix to manage these complex and challenging injuries.     

Neuroprotective effects of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury

Previous studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation can improve the prognosis of traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of vagus nerve stimulation in rabbits with brain explosive injury. Rabbits with brain explosive injury received continuous stimulation(10 V, 5 Hz, 5 ms, 20 minutes) of the right cervical vagus nerve. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 concentrations were detected in serum and brain tissues, and water content in brain tissues was measured. Results showed that vagus nerve stimulation could reduce the degree of brain edema, decrease tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β concentrations, and increase interleukin-10 concentration after brain explosive injury in rabbits. These data suggest that vagus nerve stimulation may exert neuroprotective effects against explosive injury via regulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 in the serum and brain tissue.     

Age-related differences in vastus lateralis fascicle behavior during fast accelerative leg-extension movements

Leg-extensor rate of power development (RPD) decreases during aging. This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanism of the age-related decline in RPD during a fast acceleration in terms of in vivo vastus lateralis (VL) fascicle shortening behavior. Thirty-nine men aged between 25 and 69 years performed three maximal isokinetic leg-extensor tests with a fixed initial acceleration of 45° knee extension in 150 ms until 340°/s knee angular velocity. RPD, VL activity, and ultrasound images were recorded to assess (relative) fascicle shortening and mean shortening velocity for the phases of electromechanical delay, pretension, and acceleration. Our findings show that fascicle shortening and mean shortening velocity during a fast action increase with aging (0.002 per year, P = .035 and 0.005 s⁻¹ per year, P = .097, respectively), mainly due to a higher amount of shortening in the phase of electromechanical delay. The ratio of VL fascicle length over upper leg length at rest showed a negative correlation (r = −.46, P = .004) with RPD/body mass, while pennation angle at rest showed a trend toward a positive correlation (r = .28, P = .089). To conclude, our findings indicate that the ability to reach high VL fascicle shortening velocities in vivo is not reduced in older men while performing preprogrammed fast accelerations. The greater amount of fascicle shortening in old age is probably the result of age-related differences in the tendinous properties of the muscle-tendon complex, forcing the fascicles to shorten more in order to transmit the muscle force to the segment.     

Amygdala hyperactivation to angry faces in intermittent explosive disorder

BackgroundIndividuals with intermittent explosive disorder (IED) were previously found to exhibit amygdala hyperactivation and relatively reduced orbital medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) activation to angry faces while performing an implicit emotion information processing task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This study examines the neural substrates associated with explicit encoding of facial emotions among individuals with IED.MethodTwenty unmedicated IED subjects and twenty healthy, matched comparison subjects (HC) underwent fMRI while viewing blocks of angry, happy, and neutral faces and identifying the emotional valence of each face (positive, negative or neutral). We compared amygdala and OMPFC reactivity to faces between IED and HC subjects. We also examined the relationship between amygdala/OMPFC activation and aggression severity.ResultsCompared to controls, the IED group exhibited greater amygdala response to angry (vs. neutral) facial expressions. In contrast, IED and control groups did not differ in OMPFC activation to angry faces. Across subjects amygdala activation to angry faces was correlated with number of prior aggressive acts.ConclusionsThese findings extend previous evidence of amygdala dysfunction in response to the identification of an ecologically-valid social threat signal (processing angry faces) among individuals with IED, further substantiating a link between amygdala hyperactivity to social signals of direct threat and aggression.     

An Impaled Potential Unexploded Device in the Civilian Trauma Setting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background

The management of patients with impaled unexploded devices is rare in the civilian setting. However, as the lines of the traditional battlefield are blurred by modern warfare and terrorist activity, emergency providers should be familiar with facility protocols, plans, and contact information of their local resources for unexploded devices.

Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine emergency basic relief and medical aid mission project (November 2013–February 2014): the role of physiatrists in Super Typhoon Haiyan

Background: Physiatrists have provided humanitarian assistance in recent large-scale global natural disasters. Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest and most costly typhoon in modern Philippine history, made landfall on 8 November 2013 resulting in significant humanitarian needs.

Methods: Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine physiatrists conducted a project of 23 emergency basic relief and medical aid missions in response to Super Typhoon Haiyan from November 2013 to February 2014. The final mission was a medical aid mission to the inland rural community of Burauen, Leyte. Summary data were collected, collated, and tabulated; project and mission evaluation was performed.

Results: During the humanitarian assistance project, 31,254 basic relief kits containing a variety of food and non-food items were distributed and medical services including consultation, treatment, and medicines were provided to 7255 patients. Of the 344 conditions evaluated in the medical aid mission to Burauen, Leyte 85 (59%) were physical and rehabilitation medicine conditions comprised of musculoskeletal (62 [73%]), neurological (17 [20%]), and dermatological (6 [7%]) diagnoses. Post-mission and project analysis resulted in recommendations and programmatic changes to strengthen response in future disasters. Physiatrists functioned as medical providers, mission team leaders, community advocates, and in other roles.

Conclusions: This physiatrist-led humanitarian assistance project met critical basic relief and medical aid needs of persons impacted by Super Typhoon Haiyan, demonstrating significant roles performed by physiatrists in response to a large-scale natural disaster. Resulting disaster programing changes and recommendations may inform a more effective response by PARM mission teams in the Philippines as well as by other South-Eastern Asia teams comprising rehabilitation professionals to large-scale, regional natural disasters.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Large-scale natural disasters including tropical cyclones can have a catastrophic impact on the affected population.

• In response to Super Typhoon Haiyan, physiatrists representing the Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine conducted a project of 23 emergency basic relief and medical aid missions from November 2013 to February 2014.

• Project analysis indicates that medical mission teams responding in similar settings may expect to evaluate a significant number of physical medicine and rehabilitation conditions.

• Medical rehabilitation with participation by rehabilitation professionals including rehabilitation doctors is essential to the emergency medical response in large-scale natural disasters.

     

赴东南亚某国抗强热带风暴医疗救援准备

2008年5月初,东南亚某国遭受强热带风暴袭击,造成巨大破坏。医院按上级要求紧急抽组一支医疗队实施医疗救援。在严密分析当地医疗救援行动特点的基础上,认真做好人员选派、关系协调、物资筹措、应急培训等方面的准备,仅用2天时间,就完成抽组医疗队的各项准备,为医疗队顺利完成任务打下了坚实基础。     

S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽对舱室内大鼠颅脑爆炸伤后继发性脑损伤的作用

目的观察S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO)在舱室内大鼠颅脑爆炸伤后继发性脑损伤中的作用,探讨其在舱室颅脑爆炸伤防治中的临床应用价值。方法 88只SD大鼠完全随机分为正常对照组(n=8)、单纯致伤组(n=40)和致伤+GSNO治疗组(n=40);采用二硝基重氮酚(DDNP)纸质点爆源在模拟装甲舱室爆炸,建立颅脑爆炸伤模型。伤后1、6、12、24、48小时取标本。测定脑组织中肿瘤坏子因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)浓度;丙二醛(MDA)浓度及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性;观察脑组织病理学变化。结果致伤组伤后1小时脑组织TNFα-、IL-1β、MDA浓度均明显升高(P0.01),伤后12小时升高达峰值(P0.01),伤后48小时脑组织TNF-α、IL-1β浓度仍显著高于正常对照组(P0.01)。致伤组伤后1小时脑组织SOD活性即显著降低(P0.01),致伤后12小时降低至最低值(P0.01),伤后48小时仍低于正常值。致伤组脑血管内皮细胞肿胀、脑水肿、神经元变性、坏死明显;给予GSNO治疗后各时间点脑组织TNF-α、IL-1β、MDA浓度均较致伤组明显降低,SOD活性明显增高(P0.01或P0.05)。治疗组脑水肿、神经元变性、坏死等表现均较单纯致伤组轻。结论舱室颅脑爆炸伤后可导致大鼠严重的继发性脑损伤;而早期给予GSNO可明显减轻脑组织炎性损伤和氧化损伤,减轻脑水肿及神经元变性、坏死,从而减轻继发性脑损伤。     

Latent structure of intermittent explosive disorder in an epidemiological sample

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by distinct periods of impulsive aggression marked by assaultive acts or destruction of property. However, impulsive aggression is also a feature of other disorders, all of which are viewed in diagnostic nomenclature as qualitatively distinct from IED. This state of affairs is problematic for categorical models unless it is demonstrated empirically that IED-related impulsive aggression is qualitatively distinct from impulsive aggression observable in other axis I and II disorders. The current study addresses this question using taxometric methods to examine the latent structure of IED. Participants were respondents on the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys, which obtained data on a range of disorders including intermittent explosive disorder (N = 20,013) and a range of psychological variables. Indicator variables used were drawn from the survey items and submitted to select taxometric methods (MAMBAC and MAXEIG) to determine the relative fits of a taxonic versus dimensional model. The results of taxometric analyses provided support for a taxonic, rather than dimensional, structure for IED symptoms in the epidemiological sample. Taxon group membership was associated with treatment seeking, family history of anger attacks, lower age of onset of anger attacks, and male biological sex, providing strong support for the validity of the IED taxon.