上海市普通外科病人静脉血栓栓塞症防治管理规范(2020版)

静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)是指各种病因(如静脉血滞缓、静脉壁血管内膜损伤或血液高凝等)导致血液在静脉系统不正常凝集的一组疾病,包括肺动脉栓塞(PE)和深静脉血栓形成(DVT)。上海市普通外科临床质量控制中心自2018年发布《上海市普通外科住院病人静脉血栓栓塞症防治管理规范》(以下简称2018版《规范》)至今已2年,推动了上海市普通外科围手术期血栓防治工作的推广,同时积累了上海在血栓防治方面的临床数据。截止至2019年9月,上海市二级以上医院已有88%建立VTE防控体系,在病史中包含了VTE风险评估表,并且大部分医院已有电子病案的嵌入或纸质病史的记录;84%的医院有VTE和PE的联合会诊团队;92%医院的普通外科已按照2018版《规范》为住院病人评估VTE风险,74%的科室在病人手术后再次评估VTE风险,38%的科室在出院前会再次为病人评估VTE风险。上海市普通外科在临床实践中防治VTE的理念和实践有了很大进步,但与先进国家和医院的防治实践相比仍有较大差距。     

Trends in country and gender representation on editorial boards in anaesthesia journals: a pooled cross-sectional analysis

Evidence exists that women and people from low- and middle-income countries are under-represented on the editorial boards of medical journals. This may adversely influence the journal output. We conducted a pooled, cross-sectional evaluation of the editorial board membership of anaesthesia journals. We collected data on members of editorial boards from the founding year and at 5-yearly intervals until 2020. For each editor, we recorded gender, country of affiliation, World Bank income classification (1990 onwards) and editorial role (2020 only). The composite editorial board diversity score was calculated for each editorial board. We obtained complete data for the composition of editorial boards from all 30 journals for 2020, but for only 171 out of 304 editorial boards (56%) over the time period examined. In 2020, 409 out of 1973 (21%) were women (range across the editorial boards 0–39%) and 139 out of 1982 (7%) were from low-, low-middle- and upper-middle-income countries (range across the editorial boards 0–71%). In 2020, of editorial board positions with known seniority status, 109 out of 259 (42%) of women and 306 out of 960 (32%) of men were in senior roles. In the same year, 397 out of 1115 (36%) of people from high-income countries were in senior roles, compared with 19 out of 93 (20%) of people from upper-middle-income countries and 0 out of 14 (0%) people from lower-middle-income countries. The median composite editorial board diversity score was 4 (range 2–6) in 2020 – 5 or less suggests poor diversity, while 8 or more suggests good diversity. Women and people from low- and middle-income countries are under-represented on anaesthesia journal editorial boards. The editorial boards do not reflect the anaesthesia workforce and may act as a barrier to the publication of research produced by these groups. Urgent action is required to improve diversity.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗现状及展望

慢性乙型肝炎是影响我国公共健康的重要问题之一。乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的药物包括两大类:IFN以及核苷和核苷酸类药物。尽管现有药物已经可使大部分患者实现持续的HBV抑制,但仍有大部分患者无法实现免疫控制和功能性治愈。未来,随着新靶点药物研发的进展,相信人类在不久的将来,会像战胜HCV一样,战胜HBV。     

The Donor Kidney Biopsy and Its Implications in Predicting Graft Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Despite a growing organ shortage in the United States, many deceased donor kidneys removed for transplantation are discarded. Kidney biopsy findings often play a role in these discards, although it is not clear whether biopsies reliably inform acceptance decisions. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review of the medical literature on the utility of both procurement and implantation biopsies for predicting posttransplant outcomes. Between January 1, 1994 and July 1, 2014, 47 studies were published in the English language literature that examined the association between pretransplant donor biopsy findings from 50 or more donors (with more than half being from deceased donors) and either posttransplant graft failure, delayed graft function, or graft function. In general, study quality was poor. All were retrospective or did not indicate if they were prospective. Results were heterogeneous, with authors as often as not concluding that biopsy results did not predict posttransplant outcomes. The percent glomerular sclerosis was most often examined, and failed to predict graft failure in 7 of 14 studies. Of 15 semiquantitative scoring systems proposed, none consistently predicted posttransplant outcomes across studies. Routine use of biopsies to help determine whether or not to transplant a kidney should be reexamined.