The indications for biopsy in routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

This review describes the indications and contraindications for endoscopic biopsy, in routine practice, of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We accept that this review provides grounds for controversy, as our stance in certain situations is counter to some national guidelines. Nevertheless, we provide evidence to support our viewpoints, especially on efficiency and economic grounds. We describe the particular controversies concerning the biopsy assessment of Barrett's oesophagus, chronic gastritis and the duodenum in the investigation of coeliac disease. We accept that there are indications for more extensive upper GI biopsy protocols in children than in adults; the latter constitute our main focus in this article. We would encourage detailed discussion between pathologists and their endoscopy colleagues about the indications, or lack of them, for routine upper GI endoscopic biopsy, as studies have shown that adherence to agreed guidelines has resulted in a very considerable diminution in the biopsy workload without compromising patient management. Furthermore, where biopsy is indicated, we emphasise the importance of accompanying clinical information provided to the pathologist, in particular regarding biopsy site(s), and regular feedback to endoscopists to improve and maintain the quality of such information. Finally, local dialogue is also advised, when necessary, to indicate to endoscopists the need to appropriately segregate biopsies into separate, individually labelled specimens, to maximise the information that can be derived by pathological evaluation and thereby improve the quality of the final pathology report.     

十二指肠出血的内镜下止血效果及相关因素分析

目的 分析十二指肠来源上消化道出血病例的内镜下止血效果及其相关因素。方法 回顾2011年1月至2018年12月于北京协和医院消化内镜中心、因上消化道出血行急诊胃镜且内镜下判断出血来源于十二指肠的病例,统计病例的基本信息、病灶相关信息、内镜下止血方法等,分析内镜止血效果及其相关因素。结果 共纳入128例患者,其中男性106例(82.8%),中位年龄55(39,67)岁。出血原因包括消化性溃疡(79.7%)、占位病变(14.1%)、血管畸形(3.9%)和憩室(2.3%),共53例(41.4%)患者接受内镜下止血,6例(4.7%)接受介入栓塞或手术治疗。接受内镜下止血的病例中,35例(66.0%)为钛夹机械止血,15例(28.3%)为钛夹联合其他方式止血,3例(5.7%)为药物局部注射。内镜止血的技术成功率为94.3%,但10例(18.9%)病变发生再出血。病灶位于球部后壁是内镜止血失败的危险因素(OR=31.333,95% CI=2.172~452.072,P=0.021);而溃疡≥1 cm是病变再出血的危险因素(OR=7.000,95% CI=1.381~35.478,P=0.023)。结论 十二指肠出血病因仍以消化性溃疡为主,亦存在如憩室出血等特殊原因。病灶位于球部后壁是内镜止血失败的危险因素;较大的溃疡是止血后再出血的危险因素。Forrest分级与短期再出血无相关性。     

Primary Duodenal Tuberculosis: a Case Report

Gastroduodenal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare condition and is often associated with pulmonary TB. We report the case of a primary duodenal TB in an immunocompetent patient without evidence of pulmonary TB. Diagnosis of this disease is difficult and is often confused with chronic peptic ulcer disease. Literature data concerning this challenging diagnosis are analysed.     

Endocrine cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract in relation to gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common complication of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). In previous reports, a decreased content of small and large intestinal endocrine cells has been found in patients with FAP and it has been suggested that this may contribute to the development of GI disturbances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the endocrine cell content in the stomach and duodenum of FAP patients, and to correlate the findings with gastric emptying.

Fifteen patients with FAP were included in the study. Twenty-eight subjects with macroscopically and histologically normal mucosa were used as controls for endocrine cell contents and 14 healthy subjects for gastric scintigraphy. The endocrine cells were identified by immunohis-tochemistry and quantified with image analysis. Gastric emptying time was detected by scintigraphy andendoscopy.

The number of chromogranin A-immunoreactive (IR) cells was reduced in all investigated parts of the GI tract except bulbus duodeni. Gastrin/CCK cell content was reduced in duodenum, but tended to be increased in antrum of the stomach (P=0.07). Otherwise, the content of all other endocrine cells types in the upper GI tract was reduced compared with controls. A correlation with malnutrition was found for gastric inhibitory polypeptide and secretin cell content in bulbus duodeni. Gastric scintigraphy disclosed delayed gastric emptying of solid food, but the finding was not correlated to the decreased content of neuroendocrine cells. The severity of endocrine cell depletion was not correlated to duration of GI disturbances.

The present study showed that the endocrine cells of the stomach are affected in FAP patients and that the abnormalities in the upper GI endocrine cells occur early during the course of the disease.     

Adenovirus Infection of the Duodenum in an AIDS Patient: An Ultrastructural Study

Intractable diarrhea in a 40-year-old woman with terminal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resulted from adenovirus infection of the duodenal mucosa. Electron microscopic examination of a duodenal biopsy specimen performed because of clinical suspicion of cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis showed pathognomonic viral particles in the nuclei of mucosal epithelium. Extensive sloughing of damaged mucosal cells may have contributed to the diarrhea, for which no other cause was found during either pathologic or microbiologic analysis.     

Is it safe to perform endoscopic band ligation for the duodenum? A pilot study in ex vivo porcine models

Abstract

Aim: In the digestive tract, endoscopic band ligation (EBL) has been routinely used for the treatment of variceal bleeding and superficial malignancies. In recent years, endoscopic treatments for duodenal varices, adenoma, and cancer have also actively incorporated EBL. Although there have been a number of reports on the risks associated with the use of EBL in the esophagus, stomach, and colon, few studies have focused on EBL in the duodenum. We performed EBL procedures to evaluate the risks associated with the use of EBL in the duodenum. Material and methods: Overall, EBLs were performed at nine sites in duodenum sampled from a pig immediately after sacrifice. Submucosal saline injections were placed in three of the nine studied sites. Results: Regardless of saline injection, the full thickness of the duodenal wall was ligated in all attempts. Conclusions: Routine EBL is not recommended in the duodenum because the risk of perforation is unacceptably high.     

胰十二指肠切除术后呼吸系统并发症的预防护理

胰头十二指肠切除术是目前治疗胰头癌和壶腹周围癌最核心的方法[1 ] ,是普外科最复杂的手术,手术涉及脏器多,切除范围大、吻合口多 ,消化道重建复杂 ,易出现多种严重并发症 ,其中呼吸系统并发症亦较为常见[1-2 ].胰十二指肠切除术后早期呼吸系统并发症定义为:胰十二指肠切除术后30 d内或住院期间发生呼吸系统方面的并发症,包括肺部感染、胸腔积液、气胸、肺不张、呼吸衰竭、A RD S 和肺梗塞[3 ] .一旦出现 ,将增加患者的痛苦、医疗费用和住院时间 ,甚至造成患者死亡.因此 ,做好呼吸系统并发症的预防工作尤为重要.2011年5月 -2014年5月我科对胰十二指肠切除术后患者采取针对呼吸系统并发症的预防性护理 ,效果满意 ,现报告如下.