Waterborne Polyurethane Colloids with Sensitive CO2‐Switchable Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Properties

A novel conceptual approach to gas‐responsive functionality, with the capability to tune the amphiphilic characteristics of existing waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs), via CO₂/N₂ bubbling in aqueous solution, is exploited. In this study, a series of functional WPUs are successfully prepared. These colloids exhibit high aqueous stability, excellent capability for emulsification/demulsification as a surfactant, and reversible hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transition owing to reversible formation of carboxylic acid moieties induced by bubbling CO₂ gas. More interestingly, when carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are covalently incorporated into these WPUs, the CNT exhibits CO₂‐switchable amphiphilic behavior in a two‐phase mixture of n‐butanol (BuOH)/deionized water, forming a stable hydrophobic CNT dispersion in BuOH upon CO₂ bubbling, and reversibly reverting to the previous hydrophilic CNT dispersion in water upon N₂ bubbling. With simple preparation and switchable amphiphilic properties, these CO₂‐responsive WPUs offer a paradigm for the development of multifunctional gas‐responsive polymers.     

胜利黄岛原油深度电脱盐研究 Ⅱ.温度和电场强度的影响

在电脱盐动态模拟装置上研究了温度和电场强度对电脱盐效果的影响。结果表明，电脱盐过程中的温度和电场强度都存在最佳值；温度主要是通过影响原油的粘度来改变水滴沉降速度的，油水密度差的影响较小；温度和场强不是独立变量，随着温度的升高，最佳场强值将降低。     

炼油厂中乳状液的破乳研究

针对石油加工过程中产生的原油乳状液、塔顶冷凝水乳状液和高酸度柴油碱洗乳状液,合成了有效的破乳剂,并对乳状液的形成与稳定存在的原因、破乳及破乳机理进行了研究。     

破乳剂组成对原油脱盐效果的影响

对性质不同的大庆、孤岛原油进行了破乳剂评选。在此基础上合成出一批破乳剂,研究了破乳剂的组成对原油脱盐的影响规律。结果表明:两种原油所需破乳剂的HLB值有明显差别。提高破乳剂的分子量,可增强对两种原油的脱盐效果。     

A Review on Cement Asphalt Emulsion Mortar Composites,Structural Development,and Performances

The use of cement emulsified asphalt mortar (CA mortar) in the track structure of high-speed speed railways has been gaining considerations by many researchers due to its coupled merits of the strength of cement as well as the flexibility of asphalt material. The asphalt to cement ratio (A/C) and the compatibility among constituent materials are crucial to the properties of CA mortar. To improve the performance properties and application of CA mortar, it is imperative to have a broad understanding of the composition mechanisms and compatibility between constituent materials. This paper summarizes interesting research outcomes related to the composition and properties of CA mortar. The consumption of water by cement promotes the breakdown of emulsified asphalt, likewise, the adsorption of asphalt droplets on the surface of cement grains retards the hydration process of cement. An appropriate A/C is required for the cement hydration rate to match the speed of demulsification of asphalt emulsion. Depending on the type and properties for which the CA mortar is designed to possess, the A/C ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 for type 1 (CAM I), and 0.6 to 1.2 for type 2 (CAM II). This paper also discusses measures taken to improve performance properties, compatibility, the interaction between constituent materials of CA mortar, and the use of additives as a partial replacement of cement in CA mortar production. The current review also suggests areas of interest for future research studies. This paper is useful to those who aim to understand or study the composition mechanisms and performance properties of CA mortar.     

Carbon Nanotubes and Polydopamine Modified Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Sponges for Efficient Oil–Water Separation

In this paper, effective separation of oil from both immiscible oil–water mixtures and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are achieved by using poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based (PDMS-based) composite sponges. A modified hard template method using citric acid monohydrate as the hard template and dissolving it in ethanol is proposed to prepare PDMS sponge composited with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) both in the matrix and the surface. The introduction of CNTs endows the composite sponge with enhanced comprehensive properties including hydrophobicity, absorption capacity, and mechanical strength than the pure PDMS. We demonstrate the successful application of CNT-PDMS composite in efficient removal of oil from immiscible oil–water mixtures within not only a bath absorption, but also continuous separation for both static and turbulent flow conditions. This notable characteristic of the CNT-PDMS sponge enables it as a potential candidate for large-scale industrial oil–water separation. Furthermore, a polydopamine (PDA) modified CNT-PDMS is developed here, which firstly realizes the separation of O/W emulsion without continuous squeezing of the sponge. The combined superhydrophilic and superoleophilic property of PDA/CNT-PDMS is assumed to be critical in the spontaneously demulsification process.     

非离子乳化原油破乳剂油水界面行为的研究

以油水界面张力为手段考察了破乳剂对界面膜的影响。结果表明，破乳剂的扩散速度，投加量，化学结构等都对破乳剂的界面行为产生影响。     

不同酸度的柴油碱洗防乳化研究

针对新疆原油所产直馏柴油进行防乳化研究，评选出了合适的破乳剂，考察了不同酸度的常三线柴油加破乳剂前后的碱洗效果及其碱用量。     

冷冻解冻法废切削液破乳及其影响因素

进行了冷冻解冻法处理废切削液的实验研究,探讨了冷冻介质、解冻方法、冷冻温度、冷冻时间、NaCl投加量、pH等不同因素下的处理效果。在单因素实验的基础上,确定了最佳条件为：废液中盐质量浓度为0~0.02 g/L、pH 6.0~8.0时,不投加NaCl,不调节pH,在-8 ℃下冷冻8 h后常温解冻。在最佳条件下,废水化学需氧量（COD）去除率可达85.2%。采用生物显微镜观察废切削液经冷冻解冻法处理前后的微观图,发现处理后的废水油滴颗粒粒径在148 μm左右,相较之前明显变大,更易聚集分离。通过红外光谱分析检测废水处理后析出的产物,发现该黏稠物质主要为酯类物质。冷冻解冻法处理1 m³废切削液可以回收7.65 kg油脂类物质,需要耗电42.90 kW·h。研究表明,应用冷冻解冻法处理废切削液能有效破乳,提高废水可生化性,具有良好应用前景。     

含油污水破乳剂的合成及应用

对含环烷酸及酚、硫等物质的减压蒸馏塔顶含油污水乳状液进行破乳实验,认为乳化的主要原因是由于油-水界面双电层的存在造成电性相斥所致,可以用阳离子表面活性剂进行破乳,从而提高油品收率,减少环境污染。以伯胺、仲胺、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了HSG系列破乳剂,考察了破乳剂结构、破乳温度、破乳剂投量等对破乳效果的影响,并对破乳机理加以探讨。