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1.
Two differently-produced open-cell aluminum foams were compared to a commercially available finned heat sink. Further, an aluminum plate and block were tested as a reference. All heat sinks have the same base plate dimensions of four by six inches. The first foam was made by investment casting of a polyurethane preform and has a porosity of 0.946 and a pore density of 10 pores per linear inch. The second foam is manufactured by casting over a solvable core and has a porosity of 0.85 and a pore density of 2.5 pores per linear inch. The effects of orientation and radiative heat transfer are experimentally investigated. The heat sinks are tested in a vertical and horizontal orientation. The effect of radiative heat transfer is investigated by comparing a painted/anodized heat sink with an untreated one. The heat flux through the heat sink for a certain temperature difference between the environment and the heat sink’s base plate is used as the performance indicator. For temperature differences larger than 30 °C, the finned heat sink outperforms the in-house-made aluminum foam heat sink on average by 17%. Furthermore, the in-house-made aluminum foam dissipates on average 12% less heat than the other aluminum foam for a temperature difference larger than 40 °C. By painting/anodizing the heat sinks, the heat transfer rate increased on average by 10% to 50%. Finally, the thermal performance of the horizontal in-house-made aluminum foam heat sink is up to 18% larger than the one of the vertical aluminum foam heat sink.  相似文献   
2.
The continuing quest for cost-effective and complex shaped aluminum castings with fewer defects for applications in the automotive industries has aroused the interest in rheological high pressure die casting (R-HPDC). A new machine, forced convection mixing (FCM) device, based on the mechanical stirring and convection mixing theory for the preparation of semisolid slurry in convenience and functionality was proposed to produce the automotive shock absorber part by R-HPDC process. The effect of barrel temperature and rotational speed of the device on the grain size and morphology of semi-solid slurry were extensively studied. In addition, flow behavior and temperature field of the melt in the FCM process was investigated combining computational fluid dynamics simulation. The results indicate that the microstructure and pore defects at different locations of R-HPDC casting have been greatly improved. The vigorous fluid convection in FCM process has changed the temperature field and composition distribution of conventional solidification. Appropriately increasing the rotational speed can lead to a uniform temperature filed sooner. The lower barrel temperature leads to a larger uniform degree of supercooling of the melt that benefits the promotion of nucleation rate. Both of them contribute to the decrease of the grain size and the roundness of grain morphology.  相似文献   
3.
目的探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗中几种短时受精脱颗粒细胞方式对胚胎质量及临床结局的影响。方法将261个IVF-ET周期根据脱颗粒细胞时间分为:短时受精后18小时脱颗粒细胞组(A组)94个周期、短时受精后5h脱颗粒细胞组(B组)95个周期和短时受精5h后部分(1/3-1/2)脱颗粒细胞组(C组)72个周期。分别比较三组的受精率、多精受精率、卵裂率、优胚率、胚胎利用率、临床妊娠率、种植率和流产率。结果三组的受精率、正常受精率、多精受精率、卵裂率、临床妊娠率和流产率差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05),A组的优胚率、胚胎利用率和胚胎种植率显著高于B组(P〈0.05)。结论短时受精后即刻剥除部分卵子颗粒细胞观察第二极体,在确保受精的情况下剩余卵母细胞保留自体卵周颗粒细胞共培养,可以提高常规IVF的胚胎质量,从而提高常规IVF总的临床妊娠率和胚胎种植率。  相似文献   
4.
人卵丘细胞与卵母细胞发育及成熟的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
卵丘细胞与卵母细胞共处于同一个卵泡液微环境中,卵丘细胞与卵母细胞之间复杂的"对话机制"调控着卵母细胞的成熟和卵丘细胞的增殖延伸。在窦卵泡阶段,卵丘细胞由颗粒细胞分化而来,通过缝隙连接与卵母细胞共同形成一个结构和功能上的合胞体。卵泡发育不同时期,卵丘细胞对卵母细胞的代谢调控主要表现为:在窦卵泡期,卵丘细胞为卵母细胞发育提供必需的营养,而卵母细胞分泌的信号因子亦调控着卵丘细胞的增殖和延伸;在排卵前卵泡中,卵丘细胞主要通过调控卵母细胞中cAMP水平,促使卵母细胞恢复减数分裂;在排卵后卵泡中,卵丘细胞亦影响着精-卵结合及胚胎发育的过程。另外,伴随卵泡内微环境的变化,卵丘细胞与卵母细胞间发生着复杂的信号传递,从而对卵母细胞的发育实现分子水平的调控,其中部分基因可能作为卵母细胞发育成熟、胚胎发育及妊娠结局的分子标志物。  相似文献   
5.
目的:探讨降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP) 对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。方法:6 周龄雌性昆明小鼠腹腔注射孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, PMSG)10 U 48 h 后处死, 取出卵巢收集卵母细胞以30~40 枚/ 孔的密度接种于培养板内, 以不同浓度CGRP(0, 10-10, 10-9, 10-8 mol/L) 处理24 h后检测生发泡破裂(germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) 率和第一极体(polarbody I, PBI) 排出率;收集、培养人卵巢颗粒细胞, 以不同浓度CGRP(0, 10-10, 10-9, 10-8 mol/L) 处理24 h 后测定颗粒细胞内cAMP 浓度。结果:外源性CGRP处理小鼠卵母细胞可浓度依赖性地降低GVBD 率及PBI 排出率;外源性CGRP 处理人颗粒细胞, 可浓度依赖性地增高细胞内cAMP 浓度。结论:CGRP 抑制小鼠卵母细胞成熟可能与其增加颗粒细胞内cAMP 浓度有关。  相似文献   
6.
目的:评价不同体细胞共培养体系对昆明鼠早期胚胎体外发育潜力的影响。方法:采用人卵丘细胞、昆明鼠卵丘细胞、昆明鼠成纤维细胞3种共培养体系与昆明鼠2细胞期胚胎共培养,与对照组比较,观察胚胎发育情况,计数囊胚细胞数、囊胚细胞凋亡数。结果:培养24~48h,4~8细胞及桑葚胚形成率共培养3组与对照组间无差异(P>0.05);培养72h,共培养3组间扩张囊胚形成率和囊胚形成率无差异(P>0.05),但均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);共培养3组间囊胚细胞数及囊胚细胞凋亡率无差异(P>0.05),但与对照组比较存在差异(P<0.05)。结论:不同类型的体细胞共培养体系均可在体外为胚胎发育提供一种更类似于体内的环境,有利于胚胎在体外发育。  相似文献   
7.
为了了解矩形腔内非Boussinesq流体自然对流换热的特有现象和规律,利用有限容积法对矩形腔内的冷水自然对流进行了一系列数值模拟,得到了不同宽深比、Rayleigh数下的流场和温度场,并对不同条件下的壁面传热特性进行了比较与分析。计算结果表明:随着宽深比的增大,流动逐渐增强,流胞数逐渐增多,壁面平均Nusselt数逐渐增大,并趋于某一定值;随着Rayleigh数的增加,换热能力也会增强,而且流动结构的转变会在更小的宽深比下发生。采用逐步线性回归方法,得到了关于热壁平均Nusselt数的传热关联式。  相似文献   
8.
In this study, natural convection flow in a porous cavity with sinusoidal temperature distribution has been analyzed by a new double multi relaxation time (MRT) Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). We consider a copper/water nanofluid filling a porous cavity. For simulating the temperature and flow fields, D2Q5 and D2Q9 lattices are utilized respectively, and the effects of different Darcy numbers (Da) (0.001-0.1) and various Rayleigh numbers (Ra) ($10^3$-$10^5$) for porosity ($ε$) between 0.4 and 0.9 have been considered. Phase deviation ($θ$) changed from 0 to $π$ and the volume fraction of nanoparticles (Ø) varied from 0 to 6%. The present results show a good agreement with the previous works, thus confirming the reliability the new numerical method proposed in this paper. It is indicated that the heat transfer rate increases at increasing Darcy number, porosity, Rayleigh number, the volume fraction of nanoparticles and phase deviation. However, the most sensitive parameter is the Rayleigh number. The maximum Nusselt deviation is 10%, 32% and 33% for Ra=$10^3$, $10^4$ and $10^5$, respectively, with $ε = 0.4$ to $ε = 0.9$. It can be concluded that the effect of Darcy number on the heat transfer rate increases at increasing Rayleigh number, yielding a maximum enhancement of the average Nusselt number around 12% and 61% for Ra=$10^3$ and Ra=$10^5$, respectively.  相似文献   
9.
Objective: To identify the quantitative profiling of adiponectin and its receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and T-cadherin) in cumulus cells (CCs) and to evaluate their roles in the early embryo development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, in part, with obesity.

Methods: Fifty-five subjects were divided into two groups according to the body mass index. Oocytes were further inseminated and only mature and normal fertilized oocytes (2PN) were included in this research. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to identify adiponectin and its receptors in CCs.

Results: Adiponectin and receptors were ubiquitously expressed in CCs of PCOS and non-PCOS patients. The level of AdipoR2 in CCs from the oocytes yielding blastocyst after 5/6 days in vitro culture was markedly higher than in those from oocytes could not develop to blastocyst stage after Day 6, for non-obese or obese PCOS patients (0.1647?±?0.0161 versus 0.0783?±?0.0385, 0.1948?±?0.0307 versus 0.1057?±?0.0236, respectively, p?+ compared with CC-B? subgroup (0.5162?±?0.0371 versus 0.2448?±?0.0333, p?Conclusion: The development of early embryo was associated with the up-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in PCOS patients. Our results suggested that adiponectin could positively modulate embryo development in humans. Further investigations should be carried out to unlock the crucial role that adiponectin plays in embryo development.  相似文献   
10.
Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is the exposure of a region of the body to elevated temperatures to achieve a therapeutic effect. HT anticancer properties and its potential as a cancer treatment have been studied for decades. Techniques used to achieve a localised hyperthermic effect include radiofrequency, ultrasound, microwave, laser and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The use of MNPs for therapeutic hyperthermia generation is known as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) and was first attempted as a cancer therapy in 1957. However, despite more recent advancements, MHT has still not become part of the standard of care for cancer treatment. Certain challenges, such as accurate thermometry within the tumour mass and precise tumour heating, preclude its widespread application as a treatment modality for cancer. MHT is especially attractive for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, which has no cure. In this review, the application of MHT as a therapeutic modality for GBM will be discussed. Its therapeutic efficacy, technical details, and major experimental and clinical findings will be reviewed and analysed. Finally, current limitations, areas of improvement, and future directions will be discussed in depth.  相似文献   
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