基于主成分分析和聚类分析的栀子种质资源评价

目的:通过探讨栀子种质资源之间的理化品质差异,为新品种选育及定向育种提供理论支持。方法:对24个种质来源的栀子种苗的主要农艺性状进行测定,采用UPLC对栀子药材中栀子苷和西红花苷-Ⅰ,西红花苷-Ⅱ的含量进行测定,并采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对栀子种质来源和品质关系进行了分析。结果:24个来源的栀子的根系长度、叶形指数、叶片数和地径4项指标未表现出差异。江西1,2,4,浙江1,3,4等6个药材质量不合格,栀子苷质量分数未达到2015年版《中国药典》的规定(1.8%)。对存在差异的11项品质指标进行了主成分分析,根据主成分解释总变量和碎石图提取了4个主成分反映原来变量85.14%的信息。第1主成分主要综合了叶长、叶宽指标的信息,即种苗叶形因子;第2主成分主要综合了栀子苷,西红花苷-Ⅰ,西红花苷-Ⅱ和西红花苷类指标的信息,即药材内在品质因子;第3主成分主要综合了种苗鲜重和干重的信息,即种苗质量因子;第4主成分主要综合了苗高、苗高与根长比、叶片张开程度的含量信息,即种苗苗型因子。结合主成分分析综合评分表直观地反映出栀子品质的优良顺序;聚类分析将24个种质的栀子分为3类,聚类分析与综合评分排序表对种质资源类别的判定结果较为一致。结论:本研究表明四川1,3,4以及江西7等栀子品质较好,可作为新品种选育及定向育种的优良材料。     

西红花及其活性成分对肝脏疾病作用及其机制的研究进展

西红花Crocus sativus是一种具有多种生理功能的传统药食两用物质,已有大量研究报道其可以预防和治疗精神类疾病、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病以及高脂血症等疾病。研究结果表明,西红花主要通过其抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡和调节脂质代谢等药理作用对各种肝脏疾病产生治疗效果。对西红花及其活性成分治疗肝脏疾病的药理作用及其作用机制进行综述,为西红花在临床上发挥更广泛的治疗作用及其抗肝脏疾病作用的深入研究提供科学合理的参考。     

栀子标准汤剂量值传递规律研究

目的 研究栀子饮片到标准汤剂的量值传递规律。方法 收集23批栀子饮片,制备标准汤剂,测定出膏率,建立饮片和标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱,采用三重四级杆飞行时间质谱（triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,Triple-Q-TOF/MS）技术对标定的共有峰进行成分鉴定,对采用对照品比对确认的成分进行含量测定,以出膏率、指纹图谱共有峰传递数及峰面积比值变化、成分转移率为指标,分析栀子饮片到标准汤剂的量值传递规律。结果 栀子饮片指纹图谱标定共有峰26个,其中25个传递到了标准汤剂,共有峰个数传递率96.15%,26个共有峰的成分均得到鉴定,其中7个环烯醚萜类成分栀子苷、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、羟异栀子苷、山栀苷、京尼平苷酸、去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯（DAAME）、鸡矢藤次苷甲酯（SME）,2个西红花苷类成分西红花苷I、Ⅱ,2个黄酮类成分芦丁和异槲皮苷,1个单环单萜类成分jasminoside B,1个有机酸类成分绿原酸共计13个成分采用照品比对确认,标准汤剂和饮片共有峰面积比值与成分转移率呈现较好的正向直线关系,7个环烯醚萜类成分合计平均转移率70.90%,其中主要成分栀子苷平均转移率77.16%,西红花苷I、Ⅱ、芦丁、异槲皮苷、jasminoside B、绿原酸平均转移率分别为47.09%、39.56%、63.25%、51.95%、61.42%、75.70%,标准汤剂平均出膏率为28.91%。结论 阐明了栀子标准汤剂量值传递规律,为栀子配方颗粒及含栀子经典名方制剂研究奠定了基础。     

Tissue oxidative stress induced by patulin and protective effect of crocin

Patulin (PAT) is a secondary toxic metabolite produced principally by Penicillium expansum. This mycotoxin is known to be teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic and neurotoxic, and it has been shown to cause damage in several organs in laboratory animals. This study focuses on the prevention of experimental murine PAT-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. We investigate the ability of a natural product, crocin (CRO), to counteract the toxic effects of PAT. Pre-treatment of mice with CRO prevented PAT-induced oxidative damage in both liver and kidney. CRO reduced lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and restored redox status by regulating the endogenous antioxidant enzymatic system. These data corroborate and extend findings in PAT-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, and further suggest that preventive effect of CRO towards other forms of PAT toxicity, including neurotoxicity, may be warranted.     

Chemistry and bioactivity of Gardenia jasminoides

Gardenia jasminoides, grown in multiple regions in China, was commonly used as a natural yellow dye but has been one of the popular traditional Chinese medicines since the discovery of its biological property a few decades ago. It has been reported that G. jasminoides possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effect, inhibition of inflammation, antidepression activity, and improved sleeping quality. In this review, our aim was to have a comprehensive summary of its phytochemistry including the extraction, isolation, and characterization of volatiles and bioactive molecules in G. jasminoides, focusing on the two major phytochemicals, genipin and crocin, which possess potent medicinal properties. Furthermore, this study attempted to establish a structure–activity relationship between the two major series of molecules with two pharmcophores and their biological activities, which would serve further exploration of the properties of phytocompounds in G. jasminoides as potential functional foods and medicines.     

Crocin improved amyloid beta induced long‐term potentiation and memory deficits in the hippocampal CA1 neurons in freely moving rats

Extracellular beta‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and deposition is the main factor, which causes synaptic loss and eventually cells death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory loss and long‐term potentiation (LTP) dysfunction in the hippocampus are involved in the AD. The involvement of crocin, as the main and active constituent of saffron extract in learning and memory processes, has been proposed. Here we investigated the probable therapeutic effect of crocin on memory, LTP, and neuronal apoptosis using in vivo Aβ models of the AD. The Aβ peptide (1–42) was bilaterally administered into the frontal‐cortex using stereotaxic apparatus. Five hours after surgery, rats were given intraperitoneal crocin (30 mg/kg) daily, which repeated for 12 days. Barnes maze results showed that administration of crocin significantly improves spatial memory indicators such as latency time to achieving the target hole and the number of errors when compared to Aβ‐group. Passive avoidance test revealed that crocin significantly increased the step‐through‐latency compared to Aβ‐treated alone. These learning deficits in Aβ‐treated animals correlated with a reduction of LTP in hippocampal CA1 synapses in freely moving rats, which crocin improved population spike amplitude and mean field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) slope reduction induced by Aβ. Neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay and the expression levels of c‐Fos proteins were examined by Western blotting. Crocin significantly reduced the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in the CA1 region and decreased c‐Fos in the hippocampus compared to Aβ‐group. In vivo Aβ treatment altered significantly the electrophysiological properties of CA1 neurons and crocin further confirmed a neuroprotective action against Aβ toxicity.     

Effect of crocin on the morphine‐induced antinociception in the formalin test in rats

In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crocin in the absence and presence of subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine and naloxone were investigated on the formalin test in rats. The formalin test was induced by intra‐plantar (i.pl.) injection of formalin (50 μL, 1%), and the time spent licking and biting of the injected paw was measured for 1 h. Formalin induced a marked biphasic (first phase: 0–5 min and second phase: 15–45 min) pain response. Morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed both phases of pain. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) alone did not change the intensity of pain, but pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) prevented morphine (1 mg/kg)‐induced antinociception. Crocin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated pain. Crocin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.)‐induced antinociception. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) did not reverse the suppressive effect of crocin (100 mg/kg) on pain. Crocin at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed locomotor activities. These findings indicate that morphine through a naloxone‐sensitive mechanism produced analgesia. Crocin produced a dose‐dependent antinociceptive effect. In addition, crocin increased morphine‐induced antinociception, but naloxone did not change the antinociceptive effect of crocin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

栀子提取物京尼平苷和西红花苷利胆作用的研究

采用测定大鼠胆汁分泌量的实验方法,观察栀子提取物京尼平苷和西红花苷十二指肠给药后的利胆作用。结果显示西红花苷５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量均不增加大鼠的胆汁流量,而京尼平苷５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量均可显著增加大鼠胆汁流量,降低胆汁内胆固醇含量,增加胆汁内ＨＣＯ＾－３浓度,但对胆汁酸,胆红素,「Ｃａ＾２＋」含量无显著影响。     

栀子提取物京尼平苷和西红花苷利胆作用的研究

采用测定大鼠胆汁分泌量的实验方法,观察栀子提取物京尼平苷和西红花苷十二指肠给药后的利胆作用。结果显示西红花苷５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量均不增加大鼠的胆汁流量,而京尼平苷５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量均可显著增加大鼠胆汁流量,降低胆汁内胆固醇含量,增加胆汁内ＨＣＯ＾－３浓度,但对胆汁酸,胆红素,「Ｃａ＾２＋」含量无显著影响。