La prematuridad: un antecedente de obligada consideración a la hora de valorar el complejo de células ganglionares de la retina

IntroductionPremature children birth and survival is becoming more frequent due to the improvement in obstetric and neonatal care. This makes it increasingly common to find patients with history of preterm birth in ophthalmology clinics, both in pediatric and adult ages. Premature birth can lead to ocular structural changes, being possible to affect the ganglion cell complex (GCC), among other structures, which can be studied using optical coherence tomography.Materials and methodsTo carry out a bibliographic review of the studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity compared with patients born at term.ResultsSeveral studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity are referenced and their results are studied.ConclusionsIn our clinical practice, knowing the history of prematurity is fundamental in the assessment of GCC measured by optical coherence tomography, since this layer is different in the patients with a history of prematurity compared to patients born at term.     

Synthesis of 13C-labeled parabens from isotopically enriched phenols using the Houben–Hoesch reaction

Parabens are antimicrobial additives found in a wide array of consumer products. However, the halogenated compounds formed from parabens during wastewater disinfection are a potential environmental concern. In order to identify these transformation products and investigate their mechanism of formation, a synthetic route to ethyl parabens labeled with the stable isotope carbon-13 at specific positions within the benzene ring was developed. This efficient two-step procedure starts from commercially available ¹³C-labeled phenols and involves (1) initial acylation of the phenol via a Houben–Hoesch reaction with trichloroacetonitrile followed by (2) a modified haloform reaction of the resulting trichloromethyl ketone to afford the corresponding ¹³C-labeled ethyl parabens in 65%–80% overall yield. The scope of the modified haloform reaction was also investigated, allowing for the synthesis of other parabens derived from primary or secondary alcohols, including ¹³C- and deuterium-labeled esters. In addition, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be formed directly from the common trichloromethyl ketone intermediate upon treatment with lithium hydroxide. This protocol complements existing methods for preparing ¹³C-labeled paraben derivatives and offers the specific advantages of exhibiting complete regioselectivity in the Houben–Hoesch reaction (to form the para-disubstituted product) and avoiding the need for protecting groups in the modified haloform reaction that forms the paraben esters.     

Visualizing changes in physical activity behavioral patterns after redesigning urban infrastructure

The aim of this study was to explore effects of a major urban reconstruction on physical activity (PA) behavior by comparing PA intensity hotspots before and after the tunneling of a highway with a new infrastructure prioritized for walking and cycling. In total, 126 individuals participated before and after the tunneling. GPS loggers and accelerometers were used to assess location and PA levels. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to perform optimized hotspot analyses on PA data, both on transport and stationary data points. The results showed several changes in PA hotspots on trip data, even if total PA levels did not change. At follow-up, PA intensity hotspots were more connected, with the new infrastructure as a central connection. This was true for higher and lower educated individuals. Therefore, if changes in the built environment do not result in changes on population-level outcomes, this does not imply that they have no impact on behavior.     

茯苓多糖对ApoE-/-AS小鼠肝脏脂质沉积及胆固醇逆向转运相关蛋白表达的影响＊

目的 探讨茯苓多糖对载脂蛋白E基因敲除（ApoE^-/-）动脉粥样硬化（Atherosclerosis，AS）小鼠肝脏脂质沉积及胆固醇逆向转运的影响。方法 采用随机数字表法将30只ApoE^-/-小鼠随机分为模型组、茯苓多糖组、辛伐他汀组，每组10只，10只C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常组。正常组给予基础饲料喂饲，其余小鼠给予高脂饲料喂饲12周。茯苓多糖组以0.2 g/kg/d灌胃，辛伐他汀组以2.275 mg/kg/天灌胃，正常组和模型组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃，共干预4周。全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血清三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平，苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察小鼠肝脏病理形态学变化，油红O染色观察小鼠肝脏脂质沉积情况，ELISA检测各组小鼠血清载脂蛋白A1 （ApoA1）、对氧磷酶-1（PON1）含量，Real-time RT-qPCR法及Western Blot法检测肝脏胆固醇酯转运蛋白（CETP）、磷脂转运蛋白（PLTP）、卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（LCAT）mRNA及蛋白表达。结果 与正常组比较，模型组小鼠血清TG、TC、LDL-C含量均明显上升，HDL-C含量明显下降（P<0.01），肝细胞脂肪变性明显，肝脏脂质沉积明显，小鼠血清ApoA1、PON1含量均明显下降（P<0.01），小鼠肝脏CETP、PLTP mRNA及蛋白表达明显上升，LCAT mRNA及蛋白表达明显下降（P<0.01）。与模型组相比，茯苓多糖组血清TG、TC、LDL-C含量均显著下降（P<0.01），HDL-C含量呈上升趋势（P>0.05），肝细胞脂肪变性、脂质沉积程度均有所减轻，茯苓多糖组ApoA1含量明显上升（P<0.01），PON1含量呈上升趋势（P>0.05），茯苓多糖组CETP、PLTP mRNA及蛋白表达有所下降，LCAT mRNA及蛋白表达有所上升（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 茯苓多糖可能通过调控血脂水平与胆固醇逆向转运过程，改善ApoE^-/- AS小鼠肝脏脂质沉积，进而发挥防治AS作用。