Success of day-case treatment of zygomatic and orbital fractures

Traditionally, surgical management of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) and orbital fractures occurs within two to three weeks of the injury, followed by an overnight admission to allow for extended eye observations. This is due to the risk of postoperative retrobulbar haemorrhage (RBH) or orbital compartment syndrome (OCS), a rapidly progressive and sight threatening emergency that requires immediate intervention. In September 2016 the oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) department at Leeds Teaching Hospitals redesigned their trauma service with a full-time trauma consultant, a dedicated clinic, and a weekly morning elective trauma theatre list. This allowed for standardisation of the management of patients with OMFS injuries. Furthermore, a formal day-case ZMC and orbital fracture pathway was developed to allow patients to undergo surgical management of such fractures with a same-day discharge. This has since been identified as an area of excellence by the Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT) programme, and is in line with the addition of ZMC and orbital fractures to the procedural list written by the British Association of Day Case Surgery (BADS). Unbeknown to the unit, the volume of day-case procedures was the highest within the UK, demonstrating the importance of GIRFT in highlighting areas of good or unique practice. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of our day-case pathway and designated OMFS trauma service on compliance with recent recommendations by GIRFT and BADS. Secondly, it was to determine the safety of same-day discharge with regards to postoperative complications.     

Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines

The tremendous advances in genomics, recombinant DNA technology, bioengineering and nanotechnology, in conjunction with the development of high-end computations, have been instrumental in the process of rational design of peptide-based vaccines. The use of peptide vaccines was limited owing to their inherent instability when systemically administered; however, advanced formulation techniques have been developed for their systemic delivery, thereby overcoming their degradation, clearance, cellular uptake and off-target effects. With the rise of sophisticated immunological predictors and experimental techniques, several methodological advances have occurred in this field. This review examines contemporary methods to identify and optimize epitopes, engineer their immunogenic properties and develop their safe and efficient delivery into the host.     

影像学判断乳头乳晕复合体受累的研究进展

保留乳头乳房切除术(nipple-sparing mastectomy,NSM)因较高的肿瘤学安全性以及较好的美学效果,成为越来越多的乳腺癌患者治疗或高患癌风险女性预防性切除的首选。而在术前评价乳头乳晕复合体(nipple-areola complex,NAC)受累情况,选择适合NSM的患者则是亟待解决的重点和难题。本文介绍了近年来应用影像学手段术前预测NAC受累的研究进展及其优缺点,为外科医生后续手术方式的选择提供了重要信息。     

La prematuridad: un antecedente de obligada consideración a la hora de valorar el complejo de células ganglionares de la retina

IntroductionPremature children birth and survival is becoming more frequent due to the improvement in obstetric and neonatal care. This makes it increasingly common to find patients with history of preterm birth in ophthalmology clinics, both in pediatric and adult ages. Premature birth can lead to ocular structural changes, being possible to affect the ganglion cell complex (GCC), among other structures, which can be studied using optical coherence tomography.Materials and methodsTo carry out a bibliographic review of the studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity compared with patients born at term.ResultsSeveral studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity are referenced and their results are studied.ConclusionsIn our clinical practice, knowing the history of prematurity is fundamental in the assessment of GCC measured by optical coherence tomography, since this layer is different in the patients with a history of prematurity compared to patients born at term.     

扶正化瘀方含药血清对肝星状细胞activinA/smad信号通路活化的影响

目的　探讨扶正化瘀方含药血清对肝星状细胞（HSC）激活素A（activinA）/smad信号通路活化的影响。方法　20只SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组及扶正化瘀（Fzhy）-低、中、高剂量含药血清组，每组5只，分别以蒸馏水，0.75、1.5、3.0 g/kg扶正化瘀溶液（扶正化瘀胶囊药物粉末与蒸馏水配制）灌胃1次/d，连续3 d，取血制备空白血清（对照组）和含药血清。以大鼠HSC-T6细胞为研究对象，分别用5%、10%、20%体积分数的各组含药血清培养细胞。CCK-8检测细胞存活率，选取细胞存活率在50%左右的体积分数重新分为对照组及Fzhy-低、中、高剂量组。流式细胞术检测细胞周期及凋亡率、线粒体膜电位变化和活性氧（ROS）水平；实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测细胞中activinA、smad3、samd7、核因子（NF）-κB的mRNA水平；蛋白质印迹法检测细胞中activinⅡA受体（ActRⅡA）、smad3、NF-κB p65、胱天蛋白酶（caspase）-3的蛋白水平。结果　各扶正化瘀含药血清组的细胞存活率均低于对照组（P＜0.05），选择体积分数为10%的含药血清进行后续实验。对照组和各扶正化瘀方含药血清组细胞周期和凋亡率差异均无统计学意义。对照组及Fzhy-低、中、高剂量组细胞内ROS水平及线粒体膜电位水平降低比例逐次升高（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较，Fzhy-中、高剂量组smad3 mRNA表达水平降低，smad7 mRNA升高，Fzhy-低、中、高剂量组NF-κB、activinA mRNA，smad3、NF-κB p65、ActRⅡA蛋白表达水平降低，Fzhy-低剂量组、中剂量组caspase-3蛋白表达水平升高（P＜0.05）；与Fzhy-低剂量组相比，Fzhy-中、高剂量组smad3 mRNA表达水平降低，Fzhy-中剂量组activinA及smad7 mRNA升高（P＜0.05）。结论　扶正化瘀方含药血清可通过影响HSC-T6细胞增殖、参与细胞的氧化应激以及调节细胞activinA/smad信号转导通路来实现抗纤维化作用。     

刚果（金）维和任务区52例隐翅虫皮炎的调查和临床治疗

目的 调查研究刚果（金）维和任务区隐翅虫皮炎患者的发病特点、行为因素及临床治疗情况,为科学防控隐翅虫皮炎提供有效依据。方法 选择2018年5月—2020年4月在刚果（金）维和任务区中国二级医院临床诊断的52例隐翅虫皮炎患者为研究对象,对患者的一般资料、行为因素及临床特征进行流行病学调查,并分析药物的临床疗效。结果 刚果（金）任务区的隐翅虫皮炎具有明显的季节性,每年自10月起发病数逐渐增多,次年1—3月为高峰期。患者驻地主要分布在郊区,有50例（96.15%）,多见于户外工作者,为48例（92.3%）, 其中白天有明确隐翅虫接触史者21例（40.4%）,夜间开窗就寝者20例（38.5%）,夜间开荧光灯就寝者16例（30.8%）,未使用纱窗者18例（34.6%）,就寝时四肢裸露者15例（28.9%）,所有患者未使用蚊帐、驱蚊剂及防护服。颈部、前臂为最容易发生的部位;皮损主要呈斑片状红斑分布（80.77%）,并可见特征性条索状或“吻唇样”改变。患者自觉烧灼痛（88.46%）,少数为瘙痒感（11.54%）。常规予以5%碳酸氢钠溶液擦洗,口服抗组胺药、外用炉甘石洗剂、抗生素联合糖皮质激素软膏是有效治疗手段。对于眶周受累患者,口服强的松,用丁苯羟酸乳膏,获得良好效果。结论 掌握隐翅虫皮炎的流行病学特点,增强二级医院医护人员对隐翅虫皮炎的认识水平,准确识别临床特征,有助于早期诊断并选择合适的治疗方案。     

Solid‐type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach: Deficiency of mismatch repair and SWI/SNF complex

ARID1A, one of the subunits in SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is frequently mutated in gastric cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI). The most frequent MSI in solid‐type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PDA) has been reported, but the SWI/SNF complex status in solid‐type PDA is still largely unknown. We retrospectively analyzed 54 cases of solid‐type PDA for the expressions of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6), SWI/SNF complex subunits (ARID1A, INI1, BRG1, BRM, BAF155, and BAF170) and EBER, and mutations in KRAS and BRAF. We analyzed 40 cases of another histological type of gastric cancer as a control group. The solid‐type PDAs showed coexisting glandular components (76%), MMR deficiency (39%), and complete/partial loss of ARID1A (31%/7%), INI1 (4%/4%), BRG1 (48%/30%), BRM (33%/33%), BAF155 (13%/41%), and BAF170 (6%/2%), EBER positivity (4%), KRAS mutation (2%), and BRAF mutation (2%). Compared to the control group, MMR deficiency and losses of ARID1A, BRG1, BRM, and BAF155 were significantly frequent in solid‐type PDAs. Mismatch repair deficiency was associated with the losses of ARID1A, BRG1, and BAF155 in solid‐type PDAs. In the MMR‐deficient group, solid components showed significantly more frequent losses of ARID1A, BRG1, BRM, and BAF155 compared to glandular components (P = .0268, P = .0181, P = .0224, and P = .0071, respectively). In the MMR‐proficient group, solid components showed significantly more frequent loss of BRG1 compared to glandular components (P = .012). In conclusion, solid‐type PDAs showed frequent losses of MMR proteins and the SWI/SNF complex. We suggest that loss of the SWI/SNF complex could induce a morphological shift from differentiated‐type adenocarcinoma to solid‐type PDA.     

原发性色素沉着性结节性肾上腺皮质病1例报道及文献回顾

目的:分析探索原发性色素沉着性结节性肾上腺皮质病（primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease，PPNAD）的临床表现、实验室检查特点、辅助检查特征及诊疗方案。方法:对空军军医大学第一附属医院泌尿外科收治的1例PPNAD患者的临床资料及国内文献所报道的46例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。46例患者中男性16例，女性30例；其中44例表现为典型库欣综合征体貌，2例仅表现为高血压；伴Carney综合征(Carney complex，CNC)者16例，2例有甲状腺占位；疾病确诊年龄为11~58岁。实验室检查证实患者均具备促肾上腺皮质激素（adrenocorticotropic hormone，ACTH）非依赖性特征，大、小剂量地塞米松抑制试验均不被抑制者45例，1例被抑制，16例患者服用地塞米松后尿游离皮质醇（urinary free cortisol,UFC）升高。影像学完善头部MRI检查者发现垂体占位性病变者2例，无病变者20例，肾上腺CT检查可有双侧肾上腺多发结节或增粗、单侧肾上腺结节或肿物、单侧肾上腺增粗或未见明显变化等表现。治疗方式有腹腔镜下双侧肾上腺全切术、单侧肾上腺肿物切除术及单侧肾上腺全切术。结果:双侧肾上腺切除术联合术后终身激素替代治疗疗效确切，无复发；肾上腺次全切除术和单侧肾上腺切除术后无需激素替代治疗，但存在一定的复发风险。结论:PPNAD临床罕见，确诊主要依据病理检查，对于影像学检查阳性的非依赖性ACTH患者应高度怀疑本病。腹腔镜下双侧肾上腺切除联合术后激素替代治疗是目前治疗PPNAD的合理方案，具体术式应根据患者自身情况拟定。