Worksite health promotion programs in the United States: progress, lessons and challenges

Worksite health promotion programs have become increasinglyprevalent in the United States, and one or more health promotionprograms are found in two-thirds of all private worksites with50 or more employees. Reasons for recent growth in program frequencyinclude increased concern for worker health, rapidly escalatingemployer payments for health care benefits to workers, and growingevidence of a strong linkage between employee health and productivity.Published results of evaluations to date suggest that worksitehealth promotion programs can have positive impacts on healthbehaviors and health status. In addition, economic analysesare suggesting that some programs can affect the slope of healthcare costs and have the potential of high cost-effectivenesscompared to some clinical interventions. A number of researchchallenges remain, particularly understanding the influencesof the worksite environment and how employee health promotionprograms affect individual and organizational productivity.     

Trends in the structure,productivity, effectiveness and unit costs of the hospital and community health services workforce in England: 1979–1991

In this paper it is shown that there have been significant structural changes in the composition of the Hospital and Community Health Services (HCHS) workforce over the 1980s. The number of doctors, nurses and other medical professionals has grown at the expense of support staff such as ancillaries and maintenance workers. The number of agency and contract staff has risen rapidly, partly offsetting the loss of directly-employed support staff. Changes in the workforce have been compared with changes in activity, as measured by the cost-weighted activity index. According to this measure labour productivity has grown by a compound rate of 1.9% annually. Adjusting the labour force index for the wage bill of each group reveals productivity growth of 1.5%. The effectiveness of treatment, as proxied by the decline in avoidable perinatal mortality, has grown by 3.4% annually. Unit labour costs have fallen over the period at an average annual rate of 0.3%. The trend conceals wide fluctuations, with labour costs falling slowly during the first half of the decade, and rising strongly during the second half. Medical professionals benefited disproportionately from wage increases in comparison with other HCHS groups during the mid to late 1980s.     

Determinants of private clinics' productivity: a comparison of city and county clinics in Korea

This study was designed to assess determinants of private clinics' productivity, and to compare city and county clinics in South Korea. We analyzed the revenue and patient data from all 9,212 private clinics in South Korea. This data was obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation, during the period between 1996 and 1999. We used a mixed model for repeatedly measured data. The following listed variables were used in our analysis: sex and age of physician, number of beds of clinics, competitiveness of medical institution, inhabitants'incomes, the proportion of elderly in the administrative unit, and time effects. Age, sex, number of beds, and specialty were found to be the most relevant determinants for the productivity of private clinics in both urban and rural settings, and number of clinics and beds per 100,000 and income of the administrative unit were found to be significant determinants, but only in city environments.     

精索静脉曲张患者的减数分裂分析

目的：探讨造成精索静脉曲张患者的生育力减弱的机理。方法：对５４例精索静脉曲张患者的睾丸作活检减数分裂分析,对其２９例同时作精液标本的减数分裂分析。结果：５４例患者睾丸活检减数分裂分析阻滞在粗线期４５例,单价体６例,多价体２例,正常减数分裂１例。其中２９例患者睾丸活检、精液标本减数分裂分析阻滞在粗线期２８例,单价体１例,两者结果一致。结论：精索静脉曲线患者的生育力减弱大多受染色体不育效应的影响。     

The impact of the internal market on hospital efficiency, productivity and service quality

In this paper we use nonparametric mathematical programming models to compute and decompose Malmquist indices of productivity and quality change, which are used to evaluate the reforms in the UK National Health Service in the early nineties. We focus on acute hospitals and we study them over the first five years of the reforms. The findings of the study indicate that there was a productivity slowdown in the first year after the reforms but productivity progress in the subsequent years and thus, overall there was a net gain in productivity over the entire period considered. Productivity trends were dominated by technical change rather than hospital relative efficiency changes, as hospitals were already largely relatively efficient at the time of the introduction of the reforms. In fact, over the last four years in the period studied there was small relative efficiency regress and this does not bear out the argument that the reforms would increase hospital efficiency. The productivity changes are similar when service quality is incorporated in the analysis but the magnitude of these changes diminishes. Quality of service followed different trends to productivity change and this may have been the price for the productivity gains achieved.     

2023年(癸卯年)运气推演及疾病防治探微

基于五运六气理论,从五运、六气、客主加临等方面分析2023年运气特点,发现2023年火运不及,上半年凉燥,下半年多热。从运气相合的角度分析应以气为主,运次之。由六气而言,初之气需注意健脾利湿,辅以疏肝;二之气应泻南补北,滋水涵木;三之气宜疏利少阳;四之气需温肾健脾清心;五之气应条达肝胆,兼清肺;六之气清心补肾。     

珠三角模拟池塘微宇宙与真实水库水结构和功能研究

目的 构建稳定的模拟池塘微宇宙系统,并比较真实水库水环境与模拟池塘微宇宙结构和功能的现况.方法 以珠三角地区3个水库水[石岩(A),莲塘(B),塘尾(C)]为来源,构建3个池塘微宇宙模拟水生态系统,连续检测水库和微宇宙中溶解氧、细菌总数、叶绿素a、总生产量水平,比较不同水库水、模拟与真实水生态结构和功能的异同.结果 在不同的时间点上,微宇宙与相对应水库的比较中,溶解氧、细菌总数、叶绿素a、总生产量水平未见明显变化(P＞0.05).不同水库/微宇宙的比较中,溶解氧水平:水库A/微宇宙A与B显著高于水库C/微宇宙C;细菌总数:水库C/微宇宙C＞水库B/微宇宙B＞水库A/微宇宙A;叶绿素a:水库B/微宇宙B＞水库C/微宇宙C＞水库A/微宇宙A;总生产量:水库B/微宇宙B＞水库A/微宇宙A＞水库C/微宇宙C,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 不同水库水中,以水库A水质最好,水库B次之,水库C最差;通过构建稳定性模拟池塘微宇宙,可以代替进行自然水库水生态系统的比较.