不同基原土牛膝的性状显微比较研究

目的 建立3种不同基原的土牛膝的性状及显微鉴别方法。方法 在植物分类学鉴定基础上，对不同基原的土牛膝进行鉴定，并使用性状和显微研究方法，对采集的土牛膝进行比较分析。结果 通过研究发现，3种土牛膝可以通过横切面显微特征区分，粉末显微特征区别不明显。结论 土牛膝不同基原可以通过性状、显微进行鉴别,通过对二者性状、显微的细致研究，为相关的标准修订与提高提供依据。     

基于传统性状客观化分析的川贝母质量评价

目的对川贝母的外观性状进行客观量化,完善其质量评价方法。方法用游标卡尺测定高度和直径,在人眼对外观色泽观察的基础上用色差仪对粉末色泽进行客观量化,通过紫外分光光度法测定总生物碱的含量,对高度、直径、△E值与总生物碱含量测定结果进行统计学分析,确定外观性状与内在成分之间的相关程度。结果高度与总生物碱的含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)、直径与总生物碱的含量呈负相关,综合来看随着川贝母鳞茎的增大,总生物碱含量呈降低趋势。△E值与总生物碱含量之间的相关性不显著。结论由于总生物碱含量可以客观地反映川贝母的质量,本实验的结果为川贝母传统以"个小为佳"、"碎贝、破贝不可入药"的观点赋予了科学的依据,肯定了川贝母"不得水洗"的传统加工方法。不同规格的川贝母中以松贝为优。     

王兴臣教授对新型冠状病毒肺炎中医病因病机的认识

王兴臣教授为全国第二批优秀中医临床人才,山东省名中医药专家,山东中医药大学中西医结合临床专业博士研究生导师,全国名老中医药专家学术经验继承工作指导老师,山东中医药大学第二附属医院新冠肺炎防控专家组专家。自疫情发生以来,始终战斗在抗疫第一线,对新冠肺炎进行了深入的思考,对本病中医病因病机潜心做出文献梳理,结合现代医学的认识,认为新冠肺炎为新冠病毒在伏气、时气的共同作用下致病,伏气是最重要的疫病致病因素,伏气、时气均与中医气化理论密切相关,而体质强弱决定本病的预后转归。故本文主要从伏气、时气、正气三个方面分析新冠肺炎中医病因病机,以期为中医瘟疫病的预测与防治、减少危重症的发生提供参考。     

Genome-wide shifts in climate-related variation underpin responses to selective breeding in a widespread conifer

Locally adapted temperate tree populations exhibit genetic trade-offs among climate-related traits that can be exacerbated by selective breeding and are challenging to manage under climate change. To inform climatically adaptive forest management, we investigated the genetic architecture and impacts of selective breeding on four climate-related traits in 105 natural and 20 selectively bred lodgepole pine populations from western Canada. Growth, cold injury, growth initiation, and growth cessation phenotypes were tested for associations with 18,600 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in natural populations to identify “positive effect alleles” (PEAs). The effects of artificial selection for faster growth on the frequency of PEAs associated with each trait were quantified in breeding populations from different climates. Substantial shifts in PEA proportions and frequencies were observed across many loci after two generations of selective breeding for height, and responses of phenology-associated PEAs differed strongly among climatic regions. Extensive genetic overlap was evident among traits. Alleles most strongly associated with greater height were often associated with greater cold injury and delayed phenology, although it is unclear whether potential trade-offs arose directly from pleiotropy or indirectly via genetic linkage. Modest variation in multilocus PEA frequencies among populations was associated with large phenotypic differences and strong climatic gradients, providing support for assisted gene flow polices. Relationships among genotypes, phenotypes, and climate in natural populations were maintained or strengthened by selective breeding. However, future adaptive phenotypes and assisted gene flow may be compromised if selective breeding further increases the PEA frequencies of SNPs involved in adaptive trade-offs among climate-related traits.

Local adaptation of climate-related traits in widespread temperate conifers has been demonstrated for centuries using extensive long-term common garden experiments (1, 2). As early as the 17th century, foresters were instructed to recognize variation in desirable traits and select seed from trees with favorable phenotypes (3). Modern tree improvement programs systematically select upon genetic variation, primarily to achieve growth gains and meet economic objectives. Estimates of genetic variation and gains from selection made using quantitative genetic models assume many anonymous loci of small effect underlie both variation in continuously distributed phenotypes and their responses to selective breeding. However, the type, quantity, effect size, distribution, and dynamics of genes underlying locally adaptive phenotypic variation and responses to selective breeding in forest trees are still poorly understood (4).Directional selection over hundreds or thousands of generations has led to genomic features of domestication in agricultural crops including simplified genetic architectures underlying many traits, reduced genome-wide diversity, and numerous selective sweeps (5–7). Beyond high-gain, short-rotation clonal forestry [e.g., Eucalyptus spp. (8)], we know little about the effects of artificial selection on adaptive genetic variation in forest trees, yet many tree species undergo some degree of selective breeding. Two or three generations of conifer breeding is not expected to have the same magnitude of genetic effects seen in domesticated crops, but if artificial selection for increased productivity is detectable in conifer genomes, it may expose genetic relationships and potential sources of trade-offs between growth and climatically adaptive phenotypes.Climate-related adaptive traits are often intercorrelated due to pleiotropy, natural selection, or linkage disequilibrium (LD), so that strong directional selection on one trait can cause correlated responses in others. Pleiotropic allelic variants associated with phenotypes do not function in isolation. Antagonistic pleiotropic effects among traits can generate adaptive trade-offs among traits within populations, and limit gains from selection on a focal trait (9). Trait–trait correlations can also arise through strong selection acting in parallel on unlinked loci or from LD mediated by physical linkage of loci on chromosomes. Average genome-wide LD estimates in conifers appear to be low (10, 11) but may be greater (r² of 0.2–0.4) within genes under strong selection (12).Conifer studies have identified putatively adaptive phenotype-associated alleles on a locus-by-locus basis using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping or genotype–phenotype associations (GPAs) (also known as genome-wide association studies [GWAS]) (13). Genotype–environment association analyses in conifers have identified putatively adaptive environmentally associated loci (e.g., 14, 15), but loci are usually anonymous relative to adaptive phenotypes. All of these approaches are biased toward detecting loci with large phenotypic effects, but expectations that genome scans will discover individual adaptive loci with large effects or frequency differences among populations may be biologically and statistically unrealistic (16, 17). Conifer GPA studies typically detect relatively few statistically significant loci, and locus-by-locus analyses are insufficient to characterize adaptive genome-wide variation associated with adaptive traits and signatures of selective breeding. Multilocus tests for adaptive polygenic signatures of selection have been developed (e.g., refs. 18 and 19), but significant limitations remain (reviewed in refs. 20 and 21).Uncertainty about the effects of selective breeding on adaptive genetic variation is layered upon expectations that forest trees will become maladapted as climates shift (22). Efforts are being made to estimate maladaptation using genome-wide variation associated with adaptive traits and climate (23, 24), because conserving, managing, and efficiently redeploying genetic variation associated with adaptive phenotypes will be a necessary element of strategies to mitigate the effects of shifting climates on forest resources (25). Assisted gene flow strategies in temperate and subboreal forests generally aim to move trees to cooler climates in anticipation of future warming, but trees must then contend with the increased short- to medium-term risk of maladaptation to damaging frost. This means cold tolerance is, perhaps surprisingly, an important trait when planning for warming climates.Genetic approaches have the potential to efficiently and accurately characterize local adaptation to climate. Understanding whether this potential can be realized in a technically robust and operationally feasible way, and whether selection for faster growth compromises genetic variation associated with phenotypic adaptation to climate, has far-reaching implications for developing effective assisted gene flow strategies that mitigate negative climate change impacts on forest health and timber production (26, 27). In this context, our research objectives are to 1) identify the genetic architecture of climate-related adaptive traits in interior lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.); 2) identify genome-wide effects of artificial selection for increased productivity on climate-related traits; and 3) assess the implications of genetic responses to selection for assisted gene flow strategies.Our study combines climatic data, genotype data from ∼50,000 lodgepole pine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and seedling phenotypic data for height, cold injury, growth initiation, and growth cessation traits. These data were collected from a seedling common garden that sampled reforestation seed lots from 105 natural populations and 20 breeding populations from across the species’ range in Alberta (AB) and British Columbia (BC), Canada (Fig. 1 and SI Appendix, Table S1). For each of the four traits, we identify range-wide GPAs using 929 seedlings from all 105 natural populations. Then for the 1% most strongly phenotype-associated SNPs, we examine how artificial selection within breeding populations has changed allele frequencies at individual SNP loci, within individual seedlings, populations (breeding zones), and three climatic regions (Fig. 1). Using elements from the approach of Turchin et al. (18), we study changes in frequency of the alleles that have a positive effect on adaptive traits (positive effect alleles [PEAs]). At each SNP locus, a PEA is the allele associated with increasing numeric values of the respective phenotype, determined in this case through GPA analyses in the natural seedling populations. PEAs reported here are associated with greater seedling height, greater cold injury, delayed growth initiation, and delayed growth cessation. To parse physical genetic linkage from allelic associations due to other causes, we compare LD estimated from our natural seedlings with estimates of recombination among haploid megagametophytes from a single maternal parent, where physical linkage is the only cause of LD. Integrating genetic, climatic, and phenotypic data gives us a robust basis to detect the effects of artificial selection on climate-related genotypes that are relevant to breeding and assisted gene flow strategies.Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Geographic origins of the natural and selected seedling populations sampled from across the range of lodgepole pine in Alberta (AB) and British Columbia (BC). Natural populations are represented by filled circles; selected seedling breeding zones are represented by filled polygons. The three climatic regions we used were AB, BC-Central, and BC-South. AB breeding zones are formally identified as A, B1, B2, C, J, and K1. BC-Central breeding zone abbreviations are as follows: BV, Bulkley Valley; CP, Central Plateau; and PG, Prince George. BC-South breeding zone abbreviations are as follows: EK, East Kootenay; NE, Nelson; and TO, Thompson–Okanagan. Reprinted from ref. 35, with permission from Elsevier.     

不同品种进口蜈蚣的微性状鉴别

目的:通过对不同品种进口蜈蚣的微性状鉴别研究,探究近年来市场上大量出现的不同品种进口蜈蚣的区别。方法:查阅相关资料,对不同品种的进口蜈蚣进行市场调查,运用中药微性状鉴定法对5个品种16批样品蜈蚣不同部位运用电子目镜进行拍照,并采用Photoshop CS6软件程序合成高清晰度微性状特征图片来对其进行鉴别研究。结果:不同品种进口蜈蚣具有不同的微性状特征,在头壳和蜈蚣足的爪,爪刺,跗刺等方面均有较明显的区别。结论:利用中药微性状鉴定法可以对不同品种的进口蜈蚣进行鉴别。     

Some personality traits converge gradually by long-term partnership through the lifecourse – Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions

Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a comprehensive personality inventory that is widely used in behavioral genetics. The original theory suggested that temperament traits were under genetic influences, whereas character traits were gradually built by an interaction between temperaments and environment until early adulthood. This study attempted to evaluate TCI by examining the genetic and environmental contributions to personality with particular attention to spousal effects. From 687 families, a total of 3459 Korean adult individuals completed the survey. Among them, there were 542 Monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 122 Dizygotic twin pairs. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and heritability were calculated to examine the genetic and shared environmental contributions to personality. Moderate genetic contributions (0.17–0.43) were found for all TCI traits along with the evidence of shared environment (0.11–0.31) for harm avoidance (HA) and all characters. The ICCs of TCI in MZ pairs ranged 0.36–0.46. Spouses' had little resemblance for temperament, whereas for character dimensions, spouses (0.27–0.38) were more similar than first degree relatives (0.10–0.29). Resemblance between spouses increased with duration of marriage for most characters and HA. When the growing similarities between spouses were compared with their MZ cotwins' for subgroup of 81 trios, self-directedness (SD) of character showed even more similarities toward their spouses than cotwins as partnership duration increased (r = 0.32). Our findings with regard to change in SD into late adulthood support the psychobiological theory of temperament and character, which suggests that both personality domains have distinct developmental trajectories despite equally large genetic influences.     

利用数值模拟分析不同气藏边界类型在压力恢复试井曲线中的特征

对于气藏或者凝析气藏而言,由于气体具有很高的压缩性,气水边界识别相对困难。然而气水边界的识别和运移规律的准确判断对气藏制订合理的高效开发方案尤为重要。以利用Ecrin软件Rubis数值模拟和Saphir试井分析模块为手段,以规则圆形和矩形两种构造性边水气藏为研究对象,通过模拟封闭边界、定压边界、不同的水体大小、水区渗透率变化、气水相渗透差异以及毛细管压力的大小等敏感性参数,发现气藏封闭及定压边界与常规油藏压力导数曲线具有相似性外,气水边界与油水边界压力导数曲线具有明显的差异。通过数值模拟分析所获得的典型的压力恢复特征曲线,在塔里木油田英买力气田群微小型凝析气藏压力恢复试井中得以证实,具有一定的应用价值。     

童年期创伤经历与抑郁症状:新兵积极心理品质的中介和调节效应

目的 探讨新兵积极心理品质在童年期创伤经历与抑郁症状之间的中介和调节效应.方法 采用随机整群抽样法抽取南方某部1 925名16～24岁的男性新兵,运用童年期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和新兵积极心理品质评估问卷(PMCS-R)进行测评.结果 童年期创伤经历问卷的情感虐待为(6.11±1.69)分,躯体虐待为(5.49±1.32)分,性虐待为(5.61±1.45)分,情感忽视为(9.15±3.66)分,躯体忽视为(9.57±2.93)分;抑郁严重指数(0.45±0.11);积极心理品质总均分(3.80±0.64)分.童年期创伤经历、抑郁症状和积极心理品质得分两两显著相关(均P＜0.05);情感忽视、躯体忽视和情感虐待能有效预测抑郁症状,可共同解释其总变异的28.6％ (F=256.72,P＜0.05);积极心理品质在情感忽视和抑郁症状、躯体忽视和抑郁症状、情感虐待和抑郁症状的关系中均有部分中介效应(中介效应分别为0.19,0.15和0.09),但只在情感忽视和抑郁症状间调节效应显著(F=24.73,P＜0.05).结论 童年期创伤经历不仅直接作用于新兵的抑郁症状,也能通过积极心理品质间接作用;同时,新兵的积极心理品质可以改变童年期创伤经历对抑郁症状的影响.     

Environmental variables associated with an increased risk of invasive aspergillosis

Information on the environmental variables that may affect the incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) is scarce. We sought to determine the relationship between airborne spore counts, climatic conditions and IA. We also examined whether circulating respiratory viruses predispose patients to IA in a multicentre cohort study of hospitalized adults with IA. Data on environmental mould spores, climatic conditions and circulating respiratory viruses were obtained from the Environmental Department of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the Meteorological Service of Catalonia and the Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance Project in Catalonia, respectively. Between 2008 and 2011, 165 patients with IA were identified. Diagnosis was based on one or more of the following: culture (125 cases), galactomannan antigen (98) and histology (34). One hundred and twenty-seven cases (77%) had criteria for probable IA and the remainder for proven IA. Environmental mould spore counts from the period 28–42 days preceding infection presented significant associations with admissions due to IA. None of the climatic conditions were associated with an increased risk of IA, but the presence of circulating respiratory viruses was associated with a higher risk of infection: the most strongly associated viruses were respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and adenovirus. In conclusion, the presence of high numbers of spores in the air increases the risk of admission due to IA. Circulating respiratory viruses appear to be associated with a higher risk of developing IA. Physicians should be aware of this association in order to optimize prevention and diagnosis strategies for IA during viral epidemic periods.     

Distinct temperament and character profiles in first onset vitiligo but not in alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) and vitiligo (V) are diseases that are correlated with psychiatric disorders before, during and after diagnosis. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a well‐established approach for investigating personality traits in various psychosomatic diseases. The aim of this study is to compare and investigate the differences in the TCI between patients with first onset AA, patients with V and healthy controls (HC). Participants in the study included 42 patients with first onset AA, 50 adult patients with V and 60 HC who had no history or diagnoses of psychiatric or dermatological disorders. All participants were assessed with the TCI and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Among the temperament traits, the extravagance, disorderliness and total novelty‐seeking scores were lower, and the worry and pessimism scores were higher in patients with V compared with patients with AA and the HC. The mean score of the enlightened second nature and the total self‐directedness score of the character traits were higher in patients with V compared with patients with AA and the HC group. In the AA group, there was a negative correlation only between the reward dependence total score and the DLQI score. This study suggests that patients with first onset V have a distinct temperament, such as being unenthusiastic and unemotional, and character profiles, such as worry and pessimism, independent of their psychiatric comorbidities, and patients with AA do not have a different personality from the non‐affected population.