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胎儿中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)异常是常见的先天性出生缺陷,也是产前检查与咨询的重要内容。文章首先介绍了CNS产前超声的检查方法,包括妊娠早期筛查、中期筛查与针对性检查的切面、技术、方法与结构。并根据总体预后,将CNS异常分为致死性异常、非致死性异常、软指标或微小异常三类进行咨询,主要阐述了露脑-无脑畸形、无叶全前脑、Dandy Walker畸形、胼胝体发育不全、蛛网膜囊肿、脉络膜囊肿、侧脑室增宽等常见异常的产前诊断策略、合并相关异常、遗传评估和预后等信息。  相似文献   
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The effect of COVID-19 and measures in response to it on human lives, including healthcare, was enormous. The necessary healthcare services including communicable diseases, such as Tuberculosis (TB) were badly affected. Here an attempt has been made to trace the number of notified Pediatric TB cases during and after COVID-19 lockdown and unlock period, and then compared with the same period of previous year. The epidemic data on notified pediatric TB cases for 2019 and 2020 were extracted from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) database. The absolute numbers of monthly pediatric TB notifications from January to September for the year 2020 were compared to 2019, and the percentage decrease was estimated. The HMIS data shows that there is a significant decrease in pediatric TB notifications during COVID-19 epidemic in India. Especially, when the lockdown and related restrictions in response to COVID-19 was imposed, notifications were significantly decreased compared to the same period during the previous year. Even, the reduction numbers of pediatric TB notifications during post-lockdown are still more worrying. Though, little improvements were observed suddenly after lockdown was removed, but then-after again consisted decrease was reported; and these numbers again substantially lower than the numbers of previous year. Adequate measures to diagnose, control, and prevent TB focusing young children, should be implemented simultaneously with response to COVID-19 pandemic. Further, effective steps should be taken to remove the fear arising due COVID-19 pandemic among masses, so that the healthcare seeking may be improved.  相似文献   
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目的 运用控制性低中心静脉压(CLCVP)技术的腹腔镜肝切除术,会增加患者神经系统并发症的风险,该研究拟评估该类患者术中脑去氧饱和度事件(CDE)的发生率。方法 选择拟行择期腹腔镜肝切除术的患者94例,随机分为CLCVP组(A组)及非CLCVP组(B组),各47例。两组患者均采用全凭静脉麻醉。分别观察术前(T0)、麻醉诱导气管插管后5 min(T1)、患者置于30°头高脚低位后5 min(T2)、手术切皮后5 min(T3)、切肝前5 min(T4)[A组实施CLCVP,中心静脉压(CVP)控制在5 cmH2O以内;B组维持CVP在正常范围]、切肝结束后5 min(T5)和术毕(T6)的血流动力学变化、脑氧饱和度(rSO2)和升压药使用情况。记录CDE的发生情况、麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)复苏时间、术后复苏室视觉模拟评分(VAS)≥4分、术后躁动、恶心和呕吐等发生情况。结果 两组患者平均动脉压(MAP)在T4、T5和T6时点较T0时点更低,且在T4时点A组MAP下降更明显,两组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者rSO2在T4、T5和T6时点较T1时点降低,且A组降低更明显,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。A组CDE发生率较B组高(35.6%和4.3%,P = 0.001),升压药物使用率较B组高(48.9%和19.6%,P = 0.003)。A组恶心及呕吐发生率较B组高,差异有统计学意义(26.7%和8.7%,P = 0.024)。结论 运用CLCVP技术的腹腔镜肝切除术,较常规腹腔镜肝切除术可明显降低患者术中rSO2,增加术中CDE发生率。  相似文献   
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Treatment guidelines for management of uncomplicated gonorrhoeae have been recently modified owing to alarming upsurge in azithromycin resistance. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic determinants of gonococcal azithromycin resistance in India. Four (5.7%) of 70 gonococcal isolates were resistant to azithromycin. Of 16 isolates investigated for molecular mechanisms of resistance, 13 (81.3%) and 6 (37.5%) isolates exhibited mutations in coding and promoter regions of mtrR gene, respectively. However, ermA, ermB and ermC genes or mutations in rrl gene were absent in all isolates. Azithromycin resistance is low in India posing no immediate threat to use of dual-therapy for syndromic management.  相似文献   
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Background/objectivesTuberculosis (TB) is a public health crisis across the globe, especially in the developing world including India. Around 27% of 10 million TB cases and 33% of 1.2 million TB deaths were contributed from India alone during 2018. Present study aims to estimate TB notification rates at national and sub-national levels up to District administrative blocks, which is very important with policy perspective.MethodsThe study mainly uses data from India's Health Management Information System (HMIS) for three consecutive years, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. TB notification rates were calculated for India up to the lowest administrative level of health Districts. GIS maps were being used for mapping District-wise TB notification rates for 2017-18 and 2019-20.ResultsResults show that TB notification rates have increased from 152/lakh population in 2017-18 to 197 in 2019-20, an increase of 30%. Similarly, the increasing trends in TB notification rates were also observed at State as well as District level. However, wide rural-urban and public-private differences were observed in TB notification rates. Further, results illustrated huge inter-State and inter-District variations; and half of the TB cases in India were contributed only by six larger States.ConclusionsThe findings of the study shows the increasing notification in India since 2017-18, which is a clear indication of the efforts put in the TB program to achieve targets and goals committed to end TB by 2025. In this regard present estimates based on HMIS data significantly contributes to the policy formulation even at the lowest administrative level of health Districts.  相似文献   
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BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in India. Our aim is to study the clinical, epidemiological profile and in-hospital outcomes of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome.MethodsWe did a prospective single center observational study of the 1203 patients presenting with ACS to a tertiary referral center in North India over a period of one year (July 2018–June 2019).ResultsThe mean age of study population was 58.4 ± 12.5 years. STEMI and NSTE-ACS accounted for 69.9% and 31.1% respectively. 62.1% of our patients were from rural background. The median time to hospital admission was 600 min for STEMI patients, thrombolysis was performed in 52% of cases. Cardiogenic shock at presentation was noted in 18%. Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention were done in 1062 (88.3%) and 733 (60.9%) patients respectively. The overall in-hospital mortality was 7.6%. STEMI patients had higher mortality than NSTE-ACS (8.9% vs 4.5% p < 0.001). Female gender (OR?3.306 C.I. 1.87–5.845), severe MR (OR?4.65, C.I.?1.187–18.18), acute kidney injury (AKI) at admission (OR-5.15, C.I.?2.5–10.63), higher Killip class (class III/IV) (OR?3.378,C.I.?1.292–8.849), AF (OR?3.25, C.I.?1,18–8.92), complete heart block (CHB) (OR?4.44,C.I.?2.09–9.43) and right bundle branch block (RBBB) (OR?2.86, C.I.?1.2–6.8) were significant predictors of in hospital mortality.ConclusionsOur study represents the predominance of STEMI as the initial ACS presentation with a considerable delay in first medical contact and higher prevalence of cardiogenic shock (CS). STEMI patients had higher mortality. Female sex, severe MR, AKI, higher Killips class, AF, CHB, RBBB being predictors of high in-hospital mortality in ACS patients.  相似文献   
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