中药材中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的反相高效液相色谱法

目的:测定三七、西洋参、白芍和当归中涕灭威、呋哺丹、西维因3种氨基甲酸酯农药残留量。方法:用丙酮超声波提取,二氯甲烷液液分配萃取,中性氧化铝层析柱(25cm×1.5 cm)净化,采用YWG-C_(18)色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水(38:62)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长分别为200nm(检测涕灭威、 呋喃丹)和220nm(检测西维因);检测浓度分别为:涕灭威0.52μg·mL~(-1) ,呋喃丹0.40μg·mL~(-1) ,西维因0.11μg·mL~(-1);进样量为20μL。结果:涕灭威、呋喃丹、西维因添加回收率分别为83.1％～91.5％,90.1％～110.6％,94.0％～96.9％;RSD分别为3.5％～8.0％,1.9％～7.6％,2.9％～6.3％;检测限(S/N=3)分别为:涕灭威2.4×10~(10)g,呋喃丹8.4×10~(-11)g,西维因4.4×10~(11)g。结论:本方法分离净化效果好,选择性强,灵敏度高,操作简便等。     

西维因致男性工人精子DNA损伤的机制初探

目的:探讨西维因农药暴露与男性工人精子DNA损伤的关系,并探讨其可能的机制?方法:选择某农药厂西维因生产男工31名为暴露组;该厂行政区男性员工36名为内对照组;同地区男性行政人员22名为外对照组?检测3组人群精子DNA损伤?精浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及精子活性氧(ROS)含量?选用培养的小鼠精母细胞(GC2-spd细胞)进行体外功能学验证,在不同浓度西维因染毒条件下,分析细胞存活率?凋亡及SOD活性,ROS含量的变化?结果:与内?外对照组相比,暴露组男性精子DNA断裂损伤显著增加(P < 0.05)?精浆SOD活性降低及精子ROS增加(P < 0.05)?相关性分析的结果显示,精子DNA损伤与精浆SOD的活性负相关(r=-0.53,P < 0.001),与精子ROS水平呈正相关(r=0.32,P=0.002)?小鼠精母细胞随西维因染毒剂量增加细胞存活率显著下降,凋亡增多并且细胞SOD减少及ROS增加(P < 0.05)?结论:西维因可影响男性精液质量,其可能的机制是通过氧化应激导致精子DNA的损伤?     

Maternal Pesticide Use and Birth Weight in the Agricultural Health Study

ABSTRACT

Studies examining the association between maternal pesticide exposure and low birth weight yield conflicting results. The authors examined the association between maternal pesticide use and birth weight among women in the Agricultural Health Study, a large study of pesticide applicators and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina. The authors evaluated self-reported pesticide use of 27 individual pesticides in relation to birth weight among 2246 farm women whose most recent singleton birth occurred within 5 years of enrollment (1993–1997). The authors used linear regression models adjusted for site, preterm birth, medical parity, maternal body mass index, height, and smoking. The results showed that mean infant birth weight was 3586 g (± 546 g), and 3% of the infants were low birth weight (<2500 g). First-trimester pesticide-related tasks were not associated with birth weight. Ever use of the pesticide carbaryl was associated with decreased birth weight (?82 g, 95% confidence interval [CI] = ?132, ?31). This study thus provides limited evidence about pesticide use as a modulator of birth weight. Overall, the authors observed no associations between birth weight and pesticide-related activities during early pregnancy; however, the authors have no data on temporal specificity of individual pesticide exposures prior to or during pregnancy and therefore cannot draw conclusions related to these exposure windows. Given the widespread exposure to pesticide products, additional evaluation of maternal pregnancy exposures at specific time windows and subsequent birth outcomes is warranted.     

饮水中甲萘威短期暴露健康影响研究

目的 针对饮水中污染物甲萘威的短期暴露健康参考值开展验证工作。 方法 选择健康Wistar大鼠126只,雌雄各半,随机分为7组,1个阴性对照组和6个甲萘威受试物组,以玉米油为阴性对照,对Wistar大鼠给予浓度为0、5、10、20、40、80、160 mg/(kg·d)的甲萘威。每周称量大鼠体重,于染毒后8、15、29 d每组分别取6只大鼠,雌雄各半,检查血生化指标,解剖后取肝、肾、脾、肺、胸腺、脑进行组织病理学检查。 结果 大鼠体重及脏体比指标中,只有染毒28 d后160 mg/(kg·d)剂量组肾脏体比与阴性对照组相比显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大鼠血清酶学指标中,只有染毒7 d后AST在80 mg/(kg·d)剂量组与阴性对照组相比显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大鼠血常规指标中,染毒7 d后,与阴性对照组相比血红蛋白在20、40、160 mg/(kg·d)剂量组显著升高(均P<0.05);染毒14 d后,白细胞计数在5、10、160 mg/(kg·d)剂量组、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量在160 mg/(kg·d)、平均血小板体积在10、160 mg/(kg·d)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度在160 mg/(kg·d)、血小板分布宽度在5、80 mg/(kg·d)剂量组,均与阴性对照组相比显著增加且差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。染毒28 d后,与阴性对照组相比白细胞计数在20、80 mg/(kg·d)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度在80、160 mg/(kg·d)剂量组中均显著增加(均P<0.05)。在乙酰胆碱酯酶活性指标中,与阴性对照组相比,染毒7 d后,红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在40 mg/(kg·d)剂量组显著降低;染毒14 d后,红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在80 mg/(kg·d)剂量组显著升高,脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在160 mg/(kg·d)剂量组显著降低;染毒28 d后,脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性从20 mg/(kg·d)剂量组开始显著降低,红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在40 mg/(kg·d)剂量组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。组织病理学指标在染毒7、14、28 d后各剂量组与阴性对照组相比均未有明显变化(均P>0.05)。 结论 大鼠短期经口摄入甲萘威无可见有害作用水平(no observed adverse effect level,NOAEL)为10 mg/(kg·d),利用其所推导的甲萘威短期暴露健康风险健康参考值为1 mg/L,与美国EPA推荐值相同。     

Assessment of the toxicological interaction of sertraline with cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides in aquatic insects using the black fly,Simulium vittatum IS‐7

Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescribed as an antidepressant. Although SSRIs are known to block serotonin reuptake sites on cell membranes, they also have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Thus, the interaction of these chemicals with other AChE inhibitors, namely, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, is of interest. In addition, these insecticides have been shown to interact with serotonergic neuronal pathways creating questions as to how these chemicals might interact. In this study, the interactive effect of sertraline (SSRI) in binary combinations with carbaryl (carbamate insecticide) and diazinon (organophosphate insecticide) was assessed using a 48‐h acute toxicity test with black fly larvae, Simulium vittatum IS‐7. Results showed that observed mortality was bracketed by the independent action model and concentration addition model with the independent action model slightly underestimating mortality and the concentration addition model slightly overestimating mortality. Varying the concentration of the chemicals in the mixture did not indicate that sertraline was interacting with the insecticides to make them more toxic or vice versa. These results indicate that sertraline and the insecticides are likely eliciting toxicity at separate neuronal pathways since no interaction was observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2010.     

Carbaryl‐induced ototoxicity in rat postnatal cochlear organotypic cultures

Carbaryl, a widely used carbamate‐based insecticide, is a potent anticholinesterase known to induce delayed neurotoxicity following chronic exposure. However, its potential toxic effects on the cochlea, the sensory organ for hearing that contains cholinergic efferent neurons and acetylcholine receptors on the hair cells (HC) and spiral ganglion neurons has heretofore not been evaluated. To assess ototoxic potential of carbaryl, cochlear organotypic cultures from postnatal day 3 rats were treated with doses of carbaryl ranging from 50 to 500 μM for 48 h up to 96 h. Carbaryl damaged both the sensory HC and spiral ganglion neurons in a dose‐ and duration‐dependent manner. HC and neuronal damage was observed at carbaryl concentrations as low as 50 μM after 96‐h treatment and 100 μM after 48‐h treatment. Hair cell was greatest in the high frequency basal region of the cochlea and progressively decreased towards the apex consistent with the majority of ototoxic drugs. In contrast, damage to the spiral ganglion neurons was of similar magnitude in the basal and apical regions of the cochlea. Carbaryl damage was characterized by soma shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and blebbing, morphological features of programmed cell death. Carbaryl upregulated the expression of executioner caspase‐3 in HC and spiral ganglion neurons indicating that cellular damage occurred primarily by caspase‐mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that chronic exposure to carbaryl and other carbamate anticholinesterases may be ototoxic. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 956–969, 2017.     

Carbaryl exposure and incident cancer in the Agricultural Health Study

Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide with a broad spectrum of uses in agricultural, commercial and household settings. It has previously been linked with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but studies of cancer risk in humans are limited. We examined occupational carbaryl use and risk of all cancers in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of a cohort of pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa. This analysis included 21,416 subjects (1,291 cases) enrolled from 1993-1997 and followed for cancer incidence through 2003. Pesticide exposure and other data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while controlling for potential confounders. Carbaryl was not associated with cancer risk overall. Relative to subjects who never used carbaryl, melanoma risk was elevated with >175 lifetime exposure-days (RR = 4.11; 95%CI, 1.33-12.75; p-trend = 0.07), >10 years of use (RR = 3.19; 95%CI, 1.28-7.92; p-trend = 0.04), or >or=10 days of use per year (RR = 5.50; 95%CI, 2.19-13.84; p-trend < 0.001). Risk remained after adjusting for sunlight exposure. Although not significant, there appeared to be a trend of decreasing prostate cancer risk with increasing level of exposure. A small increase in NHL risk was observed using some, but not all, exposure measures. No associations were observed with other examined cancer sites. Because the observed results were not hypothesized a priori and because of limited study of their biological plausibility, they should be interpreted with caution.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定穿心莲中敌克松、甲基托布津、甲萘威和敌百虫的农药残留量

目的:建立测定穿心莲叶中常用的4种农药残留量的方法,更好地控制药材的质量。方法:以灭蚜威为测定内标,样品经乙腈提取,采用Atlantics d C18柱分离,液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC—MS/MS)方法测定穿心莲药材中常用的4种农药残留量。结果:4种农药检测限在0.003～0.0093 mg·kg-1之间,回收率在83%～112%之间,回收率相对标准偏差均低于6%。结论:方法简便、灵敏、重现性好,能满足同时测定4种农药在穿心莲药材中的残留量。     

Catalysis of Carbaryl Hydrolysis in Micellar Solutions of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide

Carbaryl hydrolysis was studied in micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at pH 7.5 The hydrolysis followed first-order kinetics with respect to carbaryl concentration. Above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) the rate of hydrolysis increased with increasing CTAB concentration. A plateau was ultimately reached, at which the rate constant was 30 times the rate constant in an equivalent solution without CTAB. Entropies of activation were calculated to prove that the reaction mechanism did not change in the micellar environment. The binding constant of the micelle for carbaryl and the rate constant in the micellar pseudophase were determined from kinetic data using the pseudophase model. To verify this binding constant, a study of the solubility of carbaryl in CTAB solutions was performed. The results were found to be in very good agreement with those from the kinetic studies.