钨针电刀在耳内镜鼓膜修补手术中的应用

目的探讨钨针电刀在耳内镜鼓膜修补手术中的应用。方法选取2018年8月-2019年8月住院行耳内镜鼓膜修补的患者85例。其中采用外耳道皮瓣刀行外耳道内切口的40例为对照组,采用钨针电刀行外耳道内切口的45例为观察组,对比分析两组患者手术中和手术后效果。结果观察组比较对照组切口时间短、切口出血量少、术中镜头擦拭次数少、术中止血海绵粒使用量小,两组差别具有统计学意义(t=-13.6、-9.0、-7.6、-12.8、P<0.05);两组患者在术后愈合时间,外耳道狭窄程度方面差别不大,无统计学意义。观察组缺点是电刀使用过程中会产生烟雾,需要助手辅助吸引烟雾。结论钨针电刀小巧灵活,精细准确,具有减少切口出血,缩短手术时间的优点,适合在耳内镜外耳道手术中推广应用。     

The mid-mesial canal prevalence in mandibular molars of a Saudi population: A cone-beam computed tomography study

IntroductionThe aim was to assess the prevalence of Mid Mesial Canal (MMC) in the first and second mandibular molars in a Saudi subpopulation sample and assess its relation to side, gender, and age using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodsThe CBCT scans at King Saud University Dental Hospital between 2016 and 2019 were reviewed and filtered. The MMC of the mandibular molars were assessed according to Pomeranz et al. classification which was: (1) independent; (2) fin; (3) confluent with the mesiobuccal canal; and (4) confluent with the mesiolingual canal. Three calibrated observers examined the MMC on all planes at both sides. Age and gender factors were used to analyze that prevalence. A chi-squared test was used and (P ≤ 0.05) was considered to be statistically significant.Results395 patients, and 1377 teeth met the inclusion criteria. The total number of mid-mesial canals was 12 (0.9%): nine at the mandibular first molar (1.3%) and three in the mandibular second molar (0.4%). The most common type of mid-mesial canal was confluent (n = 10), of which 6 fused with the mesiobuccal canal and 4 fused with the mesiolingual canal. Two canals were of the fin type, and there was no instance of independent mid-mesial canal. There was no significant difference between all variables: tooth type, tooth side, patient gender, and patient age group (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, the most common MMC configuration was the confluent type followed by the fin type and no independent type were found. The patient side, gender and age did not influence the prevalence of the MMC.     

Real-Time Guided Endodontics with a Miniaturized Dynamic Navigation System Versus Conventional Freehand Endodontic Access Cavity Preparation: Substance Loss and Procedure Time

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate substance loss and the time required for access cavity preparation (ACP) using the conventional freehand method (CONV) versus a miniaturized dynamic navigation system of real-time guided endodontics (RTGE) in an in vitro model using 3-dimensional–printed teeth.MethodsNine human anterior maxillary teeth were selected and micro–computed tomographic scanned. Root canals were virtually reduced to 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were digitally duplicated and mirrored to yield 6 different models with 6 single-rooted teeth each. The models were 3-dimensionally printed using radiopaque resin and consecutively mounted on a dental mannequin for ACP. Two operators with 12 and 2 years of clinical experience, respectively, received 6 models (36 teeth) each and performed ACP on half of the models using RTGE (after digital planning) and CONV on the other half 2 weeks later. The time was recorded. Postoperative substance loss was measured by cone-beam computed tomographic imaging. The differences in time and substance loss between the methods and operators were evaluated by the t test.ResultsOverall, substance loss was significantly lower with RTGE than CONV (mean = 10.5 mm³ vs 29.7 mm³), but both procedures took a similar time per tooth (mean = 195 vs 193 seconds). Operator 1 (more experienced) achieved significantly less substance loss than operator 2 with CONV (mean = 19.9 vs 39.4 mm³) but not with RTGE (mean = 10.3 vs 10.6 mm³).ConclusionsRTGE is a practicable, substance-sparing method performed in comparable time as CONV. Moreover, RTGE seems to be independent of operator experience.     

氢氧化钙糊剂与根管内感染控制

感染控制对根管治疗的成功至关重要。尽管随着器械及设备的进步，对根管的清理及成形取得了很大的进展；然而，由于根管系统解剖结构错综复杂，使得获取清洁根管面临各种问题。例如：机械预备的宽度有限，不能彻底清理感染牙本质；冲洗技术的运用虽然可以去除根管器械预备后形成的玷污层，但对细菌内毒素的清除还是难以达到理想的效果，而残留的微生物、毒素等若得不到清除可能会在根尖周组织形成持续感染。因此，除外机械预备和冲洗，根管封药也是感染根管治疗过程中的重要步骤。氢氧化钙糊剂以其高效的抗菌作用在临床得到广泛使用。文章将对根管封药的必要性、氢氧化钙的作用机制及临床应用做一介绍。     

Adductor Canal Block or Local Infiltrate Analgesia for Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Total knee arthroplasty is a treatment option for debilitating arthritis. In the postoperative period, patients experience moderate to severe pain affecting the rehabilitation, hospital stay, and patient satisfaction. This study aims at utilizing current best evidence to determine whether adductor canal block (ACB) or periarticular injection (PAI) is a better modality for managing short-term postoperative pain and opioid consumption.

The impact of stenosis and translation on spinal cord injuries in traumatic cervical facet dislocations

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Although facet dislocations account for only 6% of cervical trauma, the consequences are often devastating. Cervical facet dislocations are associated with a disproportionate amount of spinal cord injuries; however, neurologic examination of patients is often difficult, as patients commonly present with reduced levels of consciousness. There are limited studies that have investigated the impact of spinal canal diameter and translation on neurologic injury following facet dislocations.

Morphologic Changes of Apical Foramen and Microcrack Formation after Foraminal Enlargement: A Scanning Electron Microscopic and Micro–computed Tomographic Analysis

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphologic changes on the apical foramen and the formation of dentinal microcracks after foraminal enlargement in straight and curved root canals using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and micro–computed tomographic (micro-CT) analyses.MethodsSixty teeth were selected and divided into 2 experimental groups: GI (incisors/straight group, n = 30) and GM (molars/curved group, n = 30). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 15) according to the analysis performed: SEM or micro-CT analysis. The incisors and mesiobuccal canal of molars were instrumented with Reciproc Blue R25 instruments (VDW, Munich, Germany) using standardized shaping procedures in the apical foramen and 1 mm beyond. The occurrence of foraminal deformation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The z test was used for statistical analysis (P < .05). Micro-CT imaging was used to observe the presence of microcracks in the root apical third. Afterward, pre- and postoperative cross-sectional images were screened to identify the presence of dentinal defects.ResultsThe curvature of the canal did not influence the occurrence of foraminal deformation either for instrumentation in the foramen or for instrumentation beyond the foramen (P > .05). It was also observed that the increase in the working length did not influence the appearance of new deformations in the GI/SEM and GM-SEM groups (P > .05). Qualitative micro-CT analysis showed the presence of dentinal defects in 0.8% (112) and 1.5% (208) of the cross sections of incisors and molars, respectively, from a total of 13,987 slices. All dentinal defects identified in the analysis of any postoperative scans were already present in the corresponding preoperative images. Therefore, no new microcracks were observed after root canal preparation.ConclusionsThe preparation of straight and moderately curved root canals with Reciproc Blue, regardless of the working length, did not influence the occurrence of apical foramen deformations and did not cause the formation of dentinal microcracks.     

Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis and Conventional Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment in General Adult Population: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies Published between 2012 and 2020

IntroductionThis study aimed to summarize data on apical periodontitis (AP) and nonsurgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) prevalence and risk factors related to age, gender, and quality of restorative and endodontic treatment in the general population from cross-sectional studies published between 2012 and 2020.MethodsAn electronic search was performed in the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The conducted literature search covered studies published between 2012 and 2020, without restrictions on language. The STROBE and NOS tools were used for quality assessment of the included studies.ResultsSixteen articles were included in the review. In total, 200,041 teeth were examined. On average, 6.3% of teeth had AP, and 7.4% had NSRCT. Forty-one percent of RCT teeth had AP, and 3.5% of untreated teeth had AP. Female patients were less prone to AP in endodontically treated teeth only, compared with male patients (P < .001). Variable stratification of age subgroups among included studies prevented us from conducting a meta-analysis. An increase in AP frequency was found in teeth with inadequate restorative and endodontic treatment (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). Because of high heterogeneity, these results should be taken with caution.ConclusionsThere is an increased AP prevalence in the adult general population compared with data from 2012 (6.3% versus 5.4%) in both endodontically treated (41.3% versus 35.9%) and untreated teeth (3.5% versus 2.1%). In addition, AP developed less frequently in female patients with endodontically treated teeth and in teeth with inadequate compared with adequate restorative and endodontic treatment.     

New Ultrasonic Tip Decreases Uninstrumented Surface and Debris in Flattened Canals: A Micro–computed Tomographic Study

IntroductionThe preparation of flattened root canals using reciprocating or rotary nickel-titanium instruments associated with the Flatsonic ultrasonic tip (Helse Ultrasonic, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, SP, Brazil) was evaluated by micro–computed tomographic imaging.MethodsTwenty-four flattened distal canals of mandibular molars with a buccolingual diameter 4 or more times larger than the mesiodistal diameter were selected. The root canals were randomly divided into 2 experimental groups for preparation: a Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) 40/.06 file in reciprocating motion or ProDesign Logic (PDL; Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) 40/.01 and 40/.05 files in rotary motion (n = 12). A complementary preparation was performed with the Flatsonic ultrasonic tip for both preparations. Micro–computed tomographic scanning at a resolution of 8.74 μm was performed before and after preparation with the nickel-titanium instruments and after the use of the Flatsonic tip. The percentages of increase in volume, debris, and uninstrumented surface were analyzed. The data obtained were submitted to the paired and unpaired t test, analysis of variance, and the Tukey test (α = 5%).ResultsThe percentage increase in volume, debris, and uninstrumented surface was similar between RB and PDL in the entire root canal (P > .05). The PDL promoted a lower percentage of debris in the cervical third and a lower percentage of increase in volume in the apical third in comparison with RB (P < .05). The Flatsonic decreased debris and uninstrumented surface after PDL preparation in all thirds (P < .05). After preparation with RB, the Flatsonic decreases the debris in the cervical third and the uninstrumented surface in the cervical and middle thirds (P < .05).ConclusionsThe preparation of flattened root canals using RB or PDL produced a high percentage of debris and uninstrumented surface. The Flatsonic ultrasonic tip significantly improved the cleaning of flattened root canals.