Tissue expansion of lung bronchi due to tissue processing for histology – A comparative analysis of paraffin versus frozen sections in a pig model

AimTissue shrinking due to fixation and processing is well known. However, the degree of shrinking varies significantly with the tissue type as well as the processing method and is not well studied in various tissues. In daily pathological routine workflow, histological specimens from frozen and paraffin sections are performed from the same tissue. In the present study we compared the thickness of bronchus walls obtained from paraffin and frozen sections.MethodsPig lungs were frozen in ventilated condition in liquid nitrogen and 36 bronchi were isolated after dissection. Frozen sections of 5 μm thickness were performed and the remaining tissue was fixed and embedded in paraffin after fixation in 4% formalin. Frozen and paraffin sections from the same cutting edge were analysed after haematoxylin and eosin staining by measuring the wall thickness of the bronchi using high power fields of 400-fold magnification. In each bronchus 40 measurements were implemented at different wall positions distributed over the entire wall area. Summed up, in each group 1440 wall measurements were performed in total. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test and t-test as well as Pearson’s correlation coefficient with a significance level at P < 0.05.ResultsThe bronchial wall thickness was significantly (p < 0.001) smaller in frozen sections (median: 0.50 mm; min: 0.37 mm; max: 0.97 mm) compared to paraffin sections (median: 0.58 mm; min: 0.35 mm; max: 1.06 mm). The median difference between paraffin and frozen sections was 0.05 mm (min: -0.11 mm; max: 0.22 mm). The wall thickness ratio of both groups was as follows: frozen/paraffin section = 0.8609, thus yielding a difference between paraffin and frozen of 13.91%. High correlation was found between wall thickness measurements on paraffin and frozen sections (R = 0.87, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe bronchus wall thickness in the frozen section was 14% reduced compared to the paraffin section. In routine pathology as well as in scientific studies these results are of relevance, as airway wall thickness represents a relevant marker for pathological interpretation, especially using CT image techniques.     

食管癌联合受侵气管、支气管部分切除以胃壁修补呼吸道重建术的分析

目的探讨食管癌联合受侵气管、支气管部分切除胸内胃壁修补气管、支气管缺损的方法和疗效。方法对18例食管癌患者,常规行食管癌切除的同时,联合窗形切除受侵气管、支气管膜部或楔形切除软骨环部,软骨环部缝合,膜部胃壁修补。结果 8例患者均痊愈出院,3～6个月后行纤维支气管镜检查,发现气管、支气管腔内无狭窄,内壁光滑,缝合修复处的组织呈支气管黏膜上皮化。1、2、3、5年生存率分别为79.2%、68.5%、27.4%和9.6%。结论食管癌连同受侵气管、支气管部分切除胃壁修补呼吸道重建术,提高了食管癌切除率,明显改善患者生活质量,减少或避免食管气管瘘的发生,提高了患者远期生存率。     

A case of pulmonary sarcoidosis with endobronchial nodules

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown cause that is characterized pathologically by noncaseating granulomas and predominantly affects the lungs and the lymphatic system, especially intrathoracically. Diagnosis is based on the association of a compatible clinical and radiological presentation, the presence of characteristic histopathological lesions and the exclusion of other potential causes of granuloma. Although the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes are almost involved, endobronchial nodular lesions of sarcoidosis with lung involvements are rare. We report a case of sarcoidosis with lung involvements and endobronchial nodules as confirmed by bronchial biopsy.     

肺段支气管剔除治疗支气管扩张症的疗效观察

目的观察肺段支气管剔除治疗支气管扩张症的疗效。方法对我院30例支气管扩张症患者采用肺段支气管剔除术进行治疗。结果共剔除肺段支气管64支。术中失血量300～600ml,平均380ml,手术当天胸腔引流量350～550ml,无手术死亡病例。胸腔引流管术后第3～5天拔除。术后胸部X线片示肺膨胀良好,无残腔。术后1例出现肺不张,经纤维支气管镜吸痰后肺复张。住院2～3周均痊愈出院。随访6个月,患者症状消失,复查血气分析检查均正常,胸部X线片示肺膨胀良好,未发现残腔、积液。无1例复发。结论只要掌握好手术条件,采用肺段支气管剔除术代替肺段切除术治疗支气管扩张症是可行的,手术方法简单,不仅切除了病变支气管,出血少,减少了术后并发症,克服了以往术式的不足。值得临床推广。     

低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理对小儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理技术对气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法:对103例气道异物患儿行螺旋CT扫描,CT扫描参数为120kV,40～80mA,层厚7mm,间距7mm,螺距3,扫描后进行层厚3mm,间隔1.5mm内插式重建,对获得的数据进行图像后处理,后处理技术包括多平面重建(MPR)、最小密度投影(MinP)、表面遮盖法重建(SSD)、CT仿真支气管内窥镜(CTVB)。与支气管内窥镜进行比较。结果:103例气管支气管异物均获得满意的后处理图像,螺旋CT及后处理技术的诊断准确性为100%,异物定位与支气管镜检相符97.1%。其中MPR(包括CPR)在显示异物本身和局限性气管、支气管阻塞最好。结论:小儿气管支气管异物可用螺旋CT低剂量扫描,但不能用单一的后处理技术,应该将轴位和多种后处理技术结合起来,综合分析。本病的直接征象是显示异物本身,而局限性支气管阻塞需结合其他征象才能确诊。     

跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术在中央型肺癌手术中的应用

目的 总结广泛型袖式肺叶切除,跨级(段支气管和主支气管吻合)支气管吻合呼吸道重建术的手术技巧和经验. 方法 回顾性分析20例接受跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术患者的临床资料. 结果 全组20例患者手术均顺利完成,无术中大出血及手术死亡,无支气管胸膜瘘、吻合口狭窄、呼吸衰竭及肺动脉血栓形成.术后并发肺不张、肺部感染3例,心房纤颤2例,声音嘶哑1例.随访18例,时间1月～6年,l、3、5年生存率分别为83.3％、28.6％和14.3％. 结论 跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术能达到与全肺切除相似的切除肿瘤的彻底性,同时最大限度地保存肺功能,扩大了手术适应证,提高了病人的生存质量,是一种有效可行的术式.     

支气管结核并发黏液栓嵌塞的CT表现与诊断

目的 分析支气管结核（EBTB）并发黏液栓嵌塞（MPI）的CT表现与特点,提高对其影像学诊断的水平。 方法 对经纤维支气管镜检查确诊的25例EBTB并发MPI患者的CT表现和形态特点进行分析。 结果 EBTB并发MPI后典型的CT表现：（1）直接征象：树杈状阴影10例（40.0%）,挤牙膏状阴影8例（32.0%）,手套状阴影7例（28.0%）。（2）病灶分布与形态：不规则的团块状阴影均分布在各肺叶内2/3的肺野中,膨胀性强,边缘清晰,呈向心性分布。（3）伴随征象：25例中23例（92.0%）患者主体病灶阴影周围有多发性斑点状和小片状卫星灶,13例（52.0%）患者伴病灶区肺纹理聚拢,肺叶容积缩小,肺气肿形成等慢性过程。6例（24.0%）患者CT检查显示左或右主支气管明显狭窄。（4）CT增强表现：25例中12例患者CT增强扫描后团块状病灶CT值均＜20 HU。25例患者经确诊后进行规则的抗结核治疗均获得较好的疗效。 结论 EBTB并发MPI后易形成树杈状、挤牙膏状、手套状阴影,掌握其CT表现与特点有利于提高EBTB并发MPI影像学诊断水平。     

PM2．5通过活化 NF－κB 途径诱导支气管上皮细胞中血管内皮生长因子的表达

目的：探讨细颗粒物（particulate matter 2．5,PM2．5）诱导支气管上皮细胞（bronchial epithelial cell,Beas－2B）表达血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）的分子机制。方法 PM2．5粉末溶解于DMEM培养基中,倍比稀释成不同浓度（0、12．5、25、50、100μg／ml）的溶液,超声30 min后加入血清及双抗（链霉素和青霉素）,使终浓度为2％血清的体系,刺激人支气管上皮细胞;双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测核因子－κB （nuclear factor－kappa B,NF－κB）活化水平和vegf基因启动子的转录活化水平;Western印迹检测NF－κB组成亚基p65磷酸化水平、阻遏蛋白IκBα及VEGF蛋白表达水平。结果 PM2．5呈剂量依赖性诱导Beas－2B细胞VEGF表达;PM2．5诱导Beas－2B细胞中NF－κB活化,在浓度为100μg／ml活化强度最高,阻遏蛋白IκBα降解和p65亚基磷酸化水平升高;抑制NF－κB p65亚基表达后Beas－2B细胞VEGF蛋白表达水平下调,vegf基因启动子的转录活化水平下降。结论 PM2．5通过活化NF－κB途径诱导支气管上皮细胞中VEGF表达。     

Effects of SR 48968 on the neuropeptide gamma-induced contraction of the human isolated bronchus

Summary— Neuropeptide gamma (NPγ) induced a contractile response of the human isolated bronchus which was potentiated by the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, but was not modified by atropine and indomethacin. NPγ was 3.31-fold more potent than NKA. Contractile response curves to NPγ were shifted to the right and maximal responses reduced by the non-peptide NK₂-receptor antagonist, SR 48968. The pK_B of SR 48968 (8.94 ± 0.18, n = 15), calculated according to Kenakin (1987) was very close to that reported for [Nle¹⁰]-NKA (4–10), a specific agonist of neurokinin NK₂-receptors (8.86 ± 0.13, n = 13), suggesting that the contractile effects of NPγ on the human isolated bronchus were mediated through NK_2A-receptors.