陈皮水提物指纹图谱的化学计量学分析及与糖尿病认知功能障碍的谱效关系

目的:建立陈皮水提物的HPLC指纹图谱,并研究其与糖尿病大鼠认知功能的谱效关系。方法:采用HPLC建立21批陈皮水提物的指纹图谱,流动相乙腈(A)-0.1%的磷酸(B)梯度洗脱,检测波长270 nm;采用指纹图谱软件中的相似度评价,SPSS 24.0二维聚类分析和SIMCA 14.1主成分分析对结果进行分析;采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,50 mg·kg^-1)复制糖尿病大鼠模型,模型复制成功后给予陈皮水提物灌胃,定期检测空腹血糖值,诱导第12周Morris水迷宫检测实验大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,灰色关联度分析和偏最小二乘回归分析研究谱效关系。结果:确定了陈皮水提物中25个共有峰,鉴定出5种物质,并且将21个不同品种、产地的陈皮分成了2类;与模型组比较,灌胃陈皮水提物的各组大鼠空腹血糖下降,认知能力得到改善;灰色关联分析及最小偏二乘回归分析谱效关系表明,19,15,4,17,6号峰与糖尿病大鼠认知功能关联性较大。结论:不同品种、产地之间的陈皮水提物存在一定的差异,通过化学计量学可以方便、快捷的对不同产地的陈皮水提取物质进行全面的质量评价,并且陈皮水提物可降低糖尿病大鼠的空腹血糖值及改善认知能力,其发挥作用是多种有效成分共同起效的结果,其中19,15,4,17,6号峰是与糖尿病大鼠认知功能密切相关的成分。     

Instrument-based Tests for Measuring Anterior Chamber Cells in Uveitis: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT

Purpose

New instrument-based techniques for anterior chamber (AC) cell counting can offer automation and objectivity above clinician assessment. This review aims to identify such instruments and its correlation with clinician estimates.     

Hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of bitter melon aqueous extracts via inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase and reduction of cholesterol micellar solubility

This study investigated the hypocholesterolaemic effects of bitter melon aqueous extracts (BMAE) in vitro, the inhibitory effects of BMAE on pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) and incorporation of cholesterol into micelles were investigated. BMAE decreased the in vitro micellar solubility of cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. The conformation of CEase was investigated by means of circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence. The result revealed the decrease of α-helix contents, increase of β-sheet and exposure of aromatic amino acid residuals. The incorporation of cholesterol into micelles was inhibited by BMAE. A complex was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which indicated interaction between cholesterol and BMAE. The result revealed that BMAE can play a role in decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption via inhibition of CEase, and of micelle formation.     

Do humor styles predict clinical response to the MINDSET (MINDfulneSs & EducaTion) program? A pilot study in patients with fibromyalgia

Background and aimHumor has been described as an effective coping strategy for dealing with chronic pain conditions; likewise, coping strategies predict some clinical outcomes after cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based interventions. The present study aims to preliminarily explore the role of humor styles in predicting clinical changes after the multicomponent intervention (MINDSET) that combines mindfulness and psychoeducation for fibromyalgia (FM) patients.Material and methodsA subsample of 35 patients with FM of the EUDAIMON study, a randomized controlled trial, was used for the present study; linear regressions and Spearman's correlations were computed.ResultsAffiliative humor and positive/negative ratio humor styles had a unique predictive effect on self-reported clinical changes. Significant correlations between humor styles with functional impact and mindfulness facets were observed.ConclusionsSome humor styles may imply a better disposition in patients to learn and implement the concepts and resources that the intervention offered.     

Interfacial properties of hypoxanthine adsorbed at the mercuryelectrolyte interface

The adsorption of hypoxanthine on a mercury electrode from sulfate solutions 0.2 and 0.5 M at pH 2.0 and 5.0 is studied. Differential capacity, zero charge potential and maximum surface tension measurements are used to establish the characteristics of the dilute layer. Condensed film formation is reported for first time, detected from differential capacity data at high hypoxanthine concentrations in solutions at pH 5.0. The data for the dilute layer conform to a Frumkin isotherm, contrary to previous findings about a Langmuir isotherm. The data are also analysed following the Nikitas approach and a value for the size ratio parameter close to one is obtained. The discussion in terms of Esin-Markov effect and electrosorption valency in comparison with other aromatic compounds allows some conclusions to be drawn about the orientation of the molecule, the role played by electrostatic and π-electron interactions and the effect of intermolecular interactions.     

Immune Profiling of T Cells Infiltrating Vitreous Humor in Tubercular Uveitis

Purpose: To assess cellular composition and local cytokine response in vitreous humor of tubercular uveitis.

Methods: Cells were collected from vitreous cassettes and peripheral blood of 8 tubercular uveitis and 5 control subjects, undergoing vitrectomy and analyzed by flow cytometry for cellular composition, activation status, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and uptake of TLR9 ligand, CpG ODN 2216.

Results: CD3 + T cells with equal proportion of CD4+ and CD8 + T cells formed major fraction of infiltrating cells. The vitreous humor showed higher expression of recent activation marker, CD69, and proinflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-17A, in CD4 + T cells as compared to peripheral blood. Lastly, intraocular CD4 + T cells showed reduced uptake of ODN 2216 than peripheral blood.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that local antigenic stimuli trigger T cell infiltration and activation of CD4 + T cells that are hyporesponsive to TLR9 stimulation. These infiltrating T cells might be responsible in further aggravating ocular inflammation.     

Multiple patterns of polymer gels in microspheres due to the interplay among phase separation,wetting, and gelation

We report the spontaneous patterning of polymer microgels by confining a polymer blend within microspheres. A poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and gelatin solution was confined inside water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets coated with a layer of zwitterionic lipids: dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (PC). The droplet confinement affected the kinetics of the phase separation, wetting, and gelation after a temperature quench, which determined the final microgel pattern. The gelatin-rich phase completely wetted to the PE membrane and formed a hollow microcapsule as a stable state in the PE droplets. Gelation during phase separation varied the relation between the droplet size and thickness of the capsule wall. In the case of the PC droplets, phase separation was completed only for the smaller droplets, wherein the microgel partially wetted the PC membrane and had a hemisphere shape. In addition, the temperature decrease below the gelation point increased the interfacial tension between the PEG/gelatin phases and triggered a dewetting transition. Interestingly, the accompanying shape deformation to minimize the interfacial area was only observed for the smaller PC droplets. The critical size decreased as the gelatin concentration increased, indicating the role of the gel elasticity as an inhibitor of the deformation. Furthermore, variously patterned microgels with spherically asymmetric shapes, such as discs and stars, were produced as kinetically trapped states by regulating the incubation time, polymer composition, and droplet size. These findings demonstrate a way to regulate the complex shapes of microgels using the interplay among phase separation, wetting, and gelation of confined polymer blends in microdroplets.The regulation of the 3D shapes of biopolymer gels at the mesoscale has numerous applications in the biomedical, cosmetic, and food materials industries, among others (1). Recently, top-down and bottom-up approaches have been reported to control the mesoscopic patterns of polymer gels. For example, photolithography and two-photon polymerization allow the regulation of gel patterns at the mesoscale (2–4). The advanced design of the molecules enables polymerization with a self-assembly and produces nonspherical microgels: spherical particles with a cavity, capsules, and cubic particles (5–7). However, these methods require highly specialized equipment and are generally difficult to adapt for biopolymer gels.Dynamical coupling between phase separation and sol–gel transition in polymer blends has also been investigated for the spontaneous formation of spherical microgels and a porous gel (8, 9). Ma et al. (10) and Choi et al. (11) confined aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) in microdroplets and fabricated microgels by selective polymerization. In such a confined space, phase separation accompanies wetting of a polymer to the substrate (12–15). Although the selective polymerization of phase-separated polymers in microdroplets has a great potential to produce variously shaped microgels, the dynamical coupling among the phase separation, wetting, and gelation of polymers in a confined space remains unclear (16). If it was better understood, the shapes of polymer microgels could be regulated in a self-organized manner.In the present work, we used gelatin, one of the most popular biopolymer gels, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the desolvating agent because PEG leads to phase separation for various biopolymers, such as proteins and DNA (17). The gelatin/PEG solution was confined in water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets coated by a lipid layer, wherein the phase separation and sol–gel transition of the gelatin occur with a decrease in the temperature (18–20). This process led to gelation after and during the phase separation in the presence of the interactions between the polymers and lipid membranes. We analyzed the pattern formation of the gelatin microgel as a function of the temperature history, droplet size, and polymer composition. We found that variously shaped microgels appeared as stable states and kinetically trapped states. These findings yield a method to regulate the shapes of polymer microgels using the interplay among the interfacial tensions, elastic properties of the gels, and interactions between the polymers and the surfaces of the droplets.     

丹参水提物对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的保护作用

本文研究丹参水提物对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的保护作用。以乳鼠心室肌进行心肌细胞培养并建立缺氧-复氧损伤模型,检测不同浓度丹参水提物预处理后细胞的存活率,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、天冬氨酸转移酶(AST)的泄漏量及Akt的磷酸化水平。丹参水提物对缺氧-复氧损伤的心肌细胞具有明显的保护作用,这可能与它激活PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。     

Ahmed青光眼阀植入术后并发症分析及处理

目的探讨不同类型的青光眼采用Ahmed青光眼阀植入术后出现并发症的处理。方法分析23例(26只眼)Ahmed青光眼阀植入术失败的原因,并对其处理措施及疗效进行回顾性分析,术后随访36个月。结果23例(26只眼)Ahmed青光眼阀植入眼压由术前平均(31.84±7.10)mm Hg(8.01~47.03 mm Hg)。术后降至(19.86±7.10)mm Hg(8.01~31.03 mm Hg)。其早期并发症有浅前房、低眼压的9只眼,占34.62%;早期高眼压的7只眼,占26.92%;迟发性脉络膜上腔出血3只眼,占11.54%;因引流盘纤维包裹引起术后中远期高眼压19只眼,占73.08%;引流物蚀出或引流管暴露的4只眼,占15.38%;眶上神经痛1只眼,占3.85%;排异反应1只眼,占3.85%。结论青光眼房水引流管植入术后并发症是不容忽视的,应据情况及时处理。     

Biomechanics of Schlemm's canal endothelium and intraocular pressure reduction

Ocular hypertension in glaucoma develops due to age-related cellular dysfunction in the conventional outflow tract, resulting in increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. Two cell types, trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelia, interact in the juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) region of the conventional outflow tract to regulate outflow resistance. Unlike endothelial cells lining the systemic vasculature, endothelial cells lining the inner wall of SC support a transcellular pressure gradient in the basal to apical direction, thus acting to push the cells off their basal lamina. The resulting biomechanical strain in SC cells is quite large and is likely to be an important determinant of endothelial barrier function, outflow resistance and intraocular pressure. This review summarizes recent work demonstrating how biomechanical properties of SC cells impact glaucoma. SC cells are highly contractile, and such contraction greatly increases cell stiffness. Elevated cell stiffness in glaucoma may reduce the strain experienced by SC cells, decrease the propensity of SC cells to form pores, and thus impair the egress of aqueous humor from the eye. Furthermore, SC cells are sensitive to the stiffness of their local mechanical microenvironment, altering their own cell stiffness and modulating gene expression in response. Significantly, glaucomatous SC cells appear to be hyper-responsive to substrate stiffness. Thus, evidence suggests that targeting the material properties of SC cells will have therapeutic benefits for lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma.