Cardiac-type total anomalous pulmonary venous return is not benign

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the association between morphological variation and postsurgical pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis (PPVS) in patients with cardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC).MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study included 168 pediatric patients who underwent surgical repair of cardiac TAPVC from 2013 to 2019 (connection to the coronary sinus [CS], n = 136; connection directly to the right atrium [RA], n = 32). Three-dimensional computed tomography modeling and geometric analysis were performed to investigate the morphological features; their relevance to the PPVS was examined.ResultsThe connection type had no association with PPVS (CS type: 18% vs right atrial type: 19%; P = .89) but there was a higher incidence of PPVS in patients with a single PV orifice than > 1 orifice (P < .001). Confluence-to-total PV area ratio (hazard ratio, 4.78, 95% CI, 1.86-12.32; P = .001) and length of drainage route (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14-1.31; P < .001) had a 4- and 1-fold increase in the risk for PPVS in the CS type after adjustment for age and preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction. In the right atrial type, those with anomalous PV return to the RA roof were more likely to develop PPVS than to the posterior wall of the RA (P < .001).ConclusionsThe number of inter-junction PV orifice correlated with PPVS development in cardiac TAPVC. The confluence-to-total PV ratio, length of drainage route, and anomalous PV return to the RA roof are important predictors for PPVS. Morphological subcategorization in this clinical setting can potentially assist in surgical decision-making.     

Pediatric cardiac computed tomography angiography: Expert consensus from the Filiale de Cardiologie Pédiatrique et Congénitale (FCPC) and the Société Française d’Imagerie Cardiaque et Vasculaire diagnostique et interventionnelle (SFICV)

This article was designed to provide a pediatric cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) expert panel consensus based on opinions of experts of the Société Française d’Imagerie Cardiaque et Vasculaire diagnostique et interventionnelle (SFICV) and of the Filiale de Cardiologie Pédiatrique Congénitale (FCPC). This expert panel consensus includes recommendations for indications, patient preparation, CTA radiation dose reduction techniques, and post-processing techniques. The consensus was based on data from available literature (original papers, reviews and guidelines) and on opinions of a group of specialists with extensive experience in the use of CT imaging in congenital heart disease. In order to reach high potential and avoid pitfalls, CCTA in children with congenital heart disease requires training and experience. Moreover, pediatric cardiac CCTA protocols should be standardized to acquire optimal images in this population with the lowest radiation dose possible to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure. We also provided a suggested structured report and a list of acquisition protocols and technical parameters in relation to specific vendors.     

Fetal and Neonatal Imaging and Strategy of Primary Neonatal Heart Transplantation in Hypoplastic Left Heart with Ebstein's Anomaly

We present the anatomic constellation of mitral stenosis/aortic atresia variant of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Ebstein's anomaly, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, an exceeding rare congenital heart defect. Prenatal echocardiography led to concern about the capacity of the right ventricle to increase cardiac output with lung expansion and pulmonary arterial runoff at birth, prompting the precaution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator standby at delivery. Stage I palliation was not attempted, and control of pulmonary arterial blood flow was achieved with pulmonary artery banding, allowing sufficient ongoing hemodynamic stability. Orthotopic cardiac transplantation, repair of hypoplastic aortic arch, and primary sutureless repair of left pulmonary veins was performed, using dual‐site arterial cannulation and continuous mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. We discuss how this unique echocardiographic anatomy influenced the surgical decision and point out how it guided therapy toward a strategy of primary transplantation rather than standard staged surgical palliation.     

Retour veineux pulmonaire anormal partiel chez une patiente de 64 ans

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) represents 3 % of the congenital cardiopathies. Diagnosis in adults is challenging as clinical symptomatology is non-specific and echocardiographic signs are discrete and misleading potentially confusing with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. We report the case of a 64-year-old woman in whom we diagnosed PAPVR associated with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. We describe medical history, clinical signs, investigations and postoperative evolution.     

心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流手术132例的治疗效果分析

目的总结无内膜接触缝合（Sutureless）技术应用于矫治心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）的临床疗效。方法2007年7月至2013年12月在广东省心血管病研究所行外科矫治术的所有心上型TAPVC婴幼儿共132例,排除合并单心室、心房异构等患儿,均行双心室根治性手术。全部患儿均行超声心动图检查,绝大部分患儿行CT检查了解肺静脉发育情况,进行术前评估,并术中探查确诊。按不同的手术方式分为传统手术组和Sutureless手术组。其中传统手术组69例,男54例（78．3％）、女15例（21．7％）;中位年龄60（30,225）d;中位体重4．85（3．50,6．35）kg。Sutureless手术组63例,男48例（76．2％）、女15例（23．8％）,中位年龄90（30,210）d;中位体重4．58（3．72,6．20）蝇。随访至2014年1月1日。结果Sutureless手术组住院死亡率（4．8％VS．7．2％,x^2=1．414,P=-0．720）、术后总死亡率（4．8％VS．13．0％,x^2=2．733,P=-0．098）均低于传统手术组,但差异无统计学意义。Sutureless手术组术后梗阻率低于传统手术组（1．6％VS．10．1％,x^2=4．236,P=-0．040）,差异有统计学意义。COX多因素分析发现,传统手术方式、术前肺静脉梗阻与术后肺静脉梗阻的发生显著相关（P=0．023,P=0．016）。传统手术方式与术后死亡无明显相关性（P=0．060）。结论对于心上型TAPVC,Sutureless技术可明显降低术后肺静脉梗阻发生率。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断新生儿心下型肺静脉异位引流

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图在心下型肺静脉异位引流诊断中的价值。方法 患者为３例出生６天、７天及２５天的新生儿。采用Ｈｐ Ｓｏｎｏｓ５５００型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率１２ＭＨｚ,经胸行二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图检测。结果 心下型肺静脉异位引流的超声心图特征为左房明显小,房水平右向左分流,其后方见肺总静脉、与左房无交通,追踪其瞳向右下穿过膈肌、于肝右叶后方入门静脉或肝静脉。剑下主动脉短     

超声诊断完全性肺静脉畸形引流20例

目的 评价超声心动图对完全性肺静脉畸形引流（TAPVC）的诊断价值。 方法 分析20例TAPVC的超声表现。 结果 本组病儿共20例，其中心上型10例；心内型7例，其中引流入冠状静脉窦5例、引流入右心房2例；心下型2例；混合型1例。 结论 超声心动图对TAPVC能做出明确的诊断和分型，方便、快速且准确率高。