Assessment and management of the predicted difficult airway in babies and children

Although it is essential to take a history and examine every child prior to airway management, preoperative anticipation of a difficult airway is not totally reliable and therefore it is wise to be prepared for the unexpected difficult airway. Information about the airway can be gained from previous medical records, current history, physical examination and other tests. A natural consequence of airway assessment is development of an airway plan. Important anatomical and physiological features may be identified in an airway assessment which can then have a direct influence on the subsequent airway plan. Managing the predicted difficult airway is usually elective. This allows proper preparation of equipment, assistants, expertise and the environment required for the airway plan. This article will discuss paediatric airway assessment, outline those features that contribute to airway difficulty, and identify indications and risk factors associated with various airway techniques. Key objectives for an airway management plan are to maintain oxygenation and avoid trauma. This involves adopting techniques that avoid hypoxia and provide a high success rate with minimum attempts.     

支撑喉内镜下声带注射术治疗慢性肥厚性喉炎

目的 探讨全身麻醉支撑喉内镜下声带注射得宝松治疗慢性肥厚性喉炎的疗效。方法 对40例慢性肥厚性喉炎患者在全身麻醉支撑喉内镜下声带注射得宝松，术前、术后分别应用嗓音声学分析、嗓音障碍指数量表及纤维喉镜检查进行评估。结果 患者术后频率微扰（jitter）、振幅微扰（shimmer）、噪谐比（NHR）及噪音障碍指数（VHI）得分均较术前明显降低，差异有显著性（P <0.05）。纤维喉镜检查示声带充血、水肿、肥厚术后较术前比：无或仅有较轻者28例（28/40），明显减轻者10例（10/40）,变化不明显者2例（2/40）。术后未发现声带萎缩病例。结论　支撑喉内镜下声带注射得宝松治疗慢性肥厚性喉炎，疗效显著，并发症少，手术视野清晰，精细准确。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响。方法择期气管插管全麻手术患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,D1组:右美托咪定0.8μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg;D2组:右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg和D3组:右美托咪定1.2μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg。插管前15min三组患者分别按上述剂量缓慢静脉泵注右美托咪定(10min泵注完毕),插管前90s快速静注瑞芬太尼,并在气管完善表面麻醉的基础上,行视频喉镜插管。记录入室后安静10min(基础值,T0)、喉镜置入前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)时HR、MAP及Ramsay镇静评分;并记录插管时间、气管插管过程中躁动、呛咳、呼吸抑制、心血管不良反应的发生情况;术后随访患者对气管插管过程的知晓情况。结果 T1时三组HR明显慢于、MAP明显低于T0时(P0.05);T2时D1组HR明显快于、MAP明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。T1、T2时D1组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D1组高血压、心动过速、躁动、呛咳等不良反应的发生率明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D3组心动过缓、呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D1、D2组(P0.05)。结论在完善的气道表面麻醉基础上,右美托咪定1μg/kg复合瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg可以明显抑制视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时的心血管反应,并且不良反应少,是较为合理的临床用药剂量。     

不同可视喉镜单颅缝早闭患儿经鼻气管插管中的应用比较

目的 观察不同可视喉镜1~6个月单颅缝早闭患儿经鼻气管插管中的临床应用效果。
方法 选择择期全麻下行单颅缝早闭手术患儿80例,男39例,女41例,月龄1～6个月,体重4～8 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组：大角度可视喉镜组（L组）和小角度可视喉镜组（S组）,每组40例。麻醉诱导后,L组使用国产大角度可视喉镜,S组使用国产小角度可视喉镜,采用加强型导管行经鼻插管,导管均经柔软管芯塑形成特殊形状。记录声门暴露Cormack-Lehane（C-L）分级、插管次数,计算首次插管成功率。记录插管时间、拔管时间,插管前即刻和插管后1 min的HR、MAP、SpO₂。记录鼻腔出血、进入食管、咽部软组织损伤等插管时并发症和拔管后声音嘶哑情况。
结果 L组C-L分级Ⅰ级比例明显高于S组（P＜0.05）,插管时间明显短于S组（P＜0.05）。两组C-L分级暴露良好（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）比例、首次插管成功率和拔管时间差异无统计学意义。插管后1 min S组HR明显快于L组、MAP明显高于L组（P＜0.05）。S组有1例首次插管时导管误入食管,重新塑形再次插管成功。两组插管时鼻腔出血、咽部软组织损伤和拔管后声音嘶哑发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论 两种国产可视喉镜均可以用于1~6个月单颅缝早闭患儿的经鼻气管插管,大角度可视喉镜配套使用的镜片弯曲度大且体积相对较小,临床效果相对较好。     

谢强中医围手术期平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉60例疗效观察

目的:比较谢强中医围手术期平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术与电子喉镜手术结合药物治疗声带息肉的疗效差异。方法:将120例声带息肉患者随机分为两组,每组60例。试验组电子喉镜手术前均予以"开音1号"和"开音2号"穴、内关穴、三阴交穴针刺;术后予以"开音1号"和"开音2号"穴、合谷穴、足三里穴针刺。对照组采用电子喉镜手术,术后口服抗生素及激素治疗。两组均治疗10d。结果:两组患者疗效比较,治疗后两组症状总积分均下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),且试验组症状总积分的改善优于对照组(P<0.05);试验组愈显率为95%,优于对照组的65%(P<0.05)。结论:谢氏围手术期中医平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉优于电子喉镜手术结合药物治疗。     

CO2激光喉显微手术与电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉效果比较

目的：比较支撑喉镜下CO2激光显微手术与电子喉镜下手术治疗声带息肉的临床疗效。方法选取2014年1月至2015年1月芜湖市第二人民医院收治的144例声带息肉行支撑喉镜下CO2激光显微手术患者(激光组)及同期门诊75例电子喉镜下手术的声带息肉患者(喉镜组),比较分析两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果激光组显效120例,有效19例,无效5例,总有效率为96．52%;喉镜组治愈60例,有效12例,无效3例,总有效率为96．00%。两组总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义( P>0．05)。结论声带息肉的手术方式应根据患者的自愿、声带息肉的基底部以及声门暴露情况选择不同的手术。     

纤维喉镜下门诊改良手柄YAG激光揭盖术治疗会厌囊肿的临床观察

目的探讨纤维喉镜下经门诊改良手柄YAG激光揭盖术治疗会厌囊肿相较传统治疗方法的优势。方法将门诊确诊的118例会厌囊肿患者随机分为两组,实验组59例在纤维喉镜下经门诊改良手柄YAG激光施行揭盖术,传统组59例经过纤维喉镜活检通道导入YAG激光手术。手术后随访6个月以上,观察比较两组的治疗效果、会厌部的生理功能恢复时间和治疗的总时间及囊肿复发率。结果对比结果,实验组较传统组在治疗效果、会厌部生理功能恢复时间、治疗时间及囊肿复发率方面均有优势,差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论纤维喉镜下经门诊改良手柄YAG激光揭盖术治疗会厌囊肿较传统治疗方法更有效、更方便、更安全。     

Alternative techniques for tracheal intubation

Alternative rigid blade intubation devices available in recent years include the Glidescope, Airtraq and Bonfils laryngoscopes. The Macintosh blade works by displacing the tongue to one side and into the submandibular space while the tip of the device sits in the vallecula lifting the hyoid and so the epiglottis forward to reveal the laryngeal inlet. Under less favourable intubating conditions, the tongue is not accommodated in the submandibular space and tends to be compressed downwards. As a result the vallecula is not accessible and the blade tip is less able to be drawn forward. The retro-molar Bonfils avoids this problem by starting from a posterior position in the mouth and approaching the larynx below and alongside the tongue. The Bonfils also serves as a rigid stylet inside the tracheal tube again producing minimal tongue displacement. Airtraq also compresses the tongue less and usually sits on the posterior pharyngeal wall where it maintains the laryngeal view with a minimum of effort. It houses the tracheal tube in a channel that delivers it into the device's field of view. While better optical systems have tended to improve visualization of the laryngeal inlet, this has not necessarily resulted in easier intubation conditions, shorter intubation times or improved overall success rates. Part of the problem has been that they have limited fields of view compared with the stereoscopic view of tube advancement down to the larynx as afforded by Macintosh.