血液透析发生结核感染的影响因素分析

目的分析维持性血液透析患者发生结核感染的影响因素及临床特点。方法回顾性调查2018年5月-2019年8月北京清华长庚医院肾内科收治的长期规律血液透析患者共150例,收集患者的年龄、性别、合并疾病、血常规、生化、透析充分性等检验结果和影像学资料,归纳分析血液透析患者发生结核感染的影响因素。结果150例血液透析患者,男性91人,女性59人,平均年龄(62.7±14.2)岁,发生结核感染者共11例(7.33%),其中肺外结核比例高(54.5%),以浆膜腔积液为主要表现(54.5%),血红蛋白(94.7±11.6)g/L、血清白蛋白(34.6±2.0)g/L、血肌酐(593.6±221.4)umol/L低于无结核感染者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);血小板(228.7±103.5)×10⁹/L高于无结核感染者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者年龄、透析充分性、淋巴细胞、血糖、血脂、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素无统计学差异。结论血红蛋白<110g/L、白蛋白<35g/L是MHD患者发生结核感染的高危因素,MHD患者发生结核感染以肺外结核为主,临床表现具有隐匿性和不典型性,临床工作应提高警惕避免漏诊。     

Paediatric pulmonary actinomycosis: A forgotten disease

Actinomycosis is a rare, indolent and invasive infection caused by Actinomyces species. Actinomycosis develops when there is disruption of the mucosal barrier, and invasion and systemic spread of the organism, which can lead to endogenous infection affecting numerous organs. It is known to spread in tissue through fascial planes and most often involves the cervicofacial (55%), abdominopelvic (20%) and thoracic (15%) soft tissue. Pulmonary actinomycosis is rare in patients under the age of five years, with the median reported age in the fifth decade. Clinical findings include chest wall mass (49%), cough (40%), pain (back, chest, shoulders) (36%), weight loss (19%), fever (19%), Draining sinuses (15%) and hemoptysis (9%). Chest x-ray findings in pulmonary actinomycosis are mostly nonspecific and can overlap with pulmonary tuberculosis, foreign body aspiration and malignancy. Endobronchial tissue aggregates may show sulphur granules, with yellow to white conglomerate areas of gram positive Actinomyces. Removal or biopsy of these large endobronchial masses must be done with care, because of the risk of bleeding and large airway obstruction. The cytology on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may show Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) positive stain, ZN negative and Gram-positive filamentous bacilli which is morphologically suggestive of Actinomycosis. Actinomyces spp is highly susceptible to beta lactam antibiotics, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. A minimum of 3–6 months is needed but up to 20 months of treatment may be needed. Early diagnosis and correct treatment can lead to a good prognosis with a low mortality.     

Tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment-A case series

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients with lung cancer undergoing treatment until the onset of tuberculosis. Between 2005 and 2019, patients who were admitted to Tokyo National Hospital due to tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment were examined retrospectively. There were 42 patients, and detailed medical information was obtained in 39 patients. The median age of the 39 patients were 75 years (range: 47–92 years), of which 33 were males and 36 were Japanese Baby Boomers or older. Regarding risk factors for developing tuberculosis, smoking was noted in 34 cases, oral corticosteroid use in 13, and previous tuberculosis in six. Thirty-seven patients had one risk factor and 19 had two or more risk factors, but diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was obtained in only one patients, and none had received LTBI treatment. The first-line treatment for lung cancer was resection in 13 cases, chemoradiotherapy in 6, chemotherapy in 10, radiation therapy in 3, laser therapy in 1, and best supportive care (BSC) alone in 6. At tuberculosis onset, BSC accounted for 17 cases, but other situations were considerably existed such as anticancer medication (12 cases), and observation after lung cancer treatment (10 cases). Tuberculosis occurred in various situations in elderly patients with lung cancer. It is critical to actively evaluate the risk of tuberculosis and consider LTBI screening and treatment.     

结核性脑膜炎临床诊断评分体系的建立及评价研究

背景 结核性脑膜炎（TM）是临床常见的中枢性感染的一种，其起病较慢，症状不典型，病原学诊断困难，误诊率高。目前有效的TM诊断工具较少。利用常见的临床症状、检查指标等建立诊断评分系体可提高诊断准确率，减少误诊。 目的 建立TM临床诊断评分体系（TMCDS），并对其应用价值进行初步评价。 方法 选取2011年11月至2021年9月在柳州市人民医院感染病科住院并诊断为脑膜炎的患者187例为研究对象，采用SPSS 21.0统计软件将患者随机分成建模组（147例）和验模组（40例）。根据是否为TM将建模组分为非TM亚组（76例）和TM亚组（71例）。收集患者的一般资料，主要包括性别、年龄、临床症状（发热、头痛、意识障碍、颈抵抗），实验室及影像学检查结果，包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染情况、CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数、C反应蛋白、颅内压、脑脊液常规生化检查（糖、氯、蛋白、细胞数）。建模组采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨TM的影响因素；根据每个因素的β值所占比重设立相应分值，建立TMCDS；采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析TMCDS诊断TM的价值。 结果 两亚组头痛、HIV感染、CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数<200/μl、C反应蛋白升高、颅内压>200 mm H2O（1 mm H2O=0.009 8 kPa）、脑脊液糖降低、脑脊液氯降低、脑脊液蛋白升高、脑脊液单核细胞升高情况比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，头痛、CD4+ T淋巴细胞<200/μl、C反应蛋白升高、脑脊液糖降低、脑脊液蛋白升高均是TM的影响因素（P<0.05）。将以上5个影响因素同时结合临床经验纳入脑脊液氯、脑脊液细胞数再次进行多因素Logistic回归分析，结果显示，头痛、CD4+ T淋巴细胞<200/μl、C反应蛋白升高、脑脊液糖降低、脑脊液蛋白升高均是TM的影响因素（P<0.05）。根据上述7个因素β值建立评分系统，将脑脊液氯降低β值设定为1分，其他因素β值与其的倍数即为该因素所对应的分值，因2个影响因素评分为负值，为方便临床，每个因素对应分值增加2.5分，最终建立TMCDS。TMCDS诊断建模组TM的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.807〔95%CI（0.735，0.879），标准误=0.037，P<0.001〕，最佳诊断界值为21.50分。TMCDS诊断验模组TM的AUC为0.766〔95%CI（0.610，0.921），标准误=0.079，P=0.004〕，灵敏度为0.789，特异度为0.667。 结论 通过7个变量建立的TMCDS简单易行，对于早期TM具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

艾滋病合并肺结核中的CT影像学特征和诊断价值分析

目的探讨艾滋病合并肺结核患者行胸部CT检查的影像学特征及其在疾病诊断上的价值。方法选取本院在2018年3月至2019年4月诊治的40例艾滋病合并肺结核患者作为观察组,同时选择同期入院诊治40例单纯肺结核患者作为对照组。给予两组胸部CT检查,分析影像学特征,并探讨其诊断价值。结果与对照组比较,观察组淋巴结或胸膜受累所占比较明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与综合检查诊断结果比较,胸部CT检查继发性肺结核、血行播散型肺结核诊断准确率分别为96.55%、91.67%,漏诊2例(5.00%);艾滋病伴肺结核患者接受胸部CT检查时,影像学特征主要表现为双肺肺叶、肺段可见明显渗出性病变,肺内纤维索条影显示明显,同时还呈现明显空洞影、斑片状影,伴有明显腋窝、纵隔淋巴结肿大及心包、胸腔积液等情况。结论胸部CT检查方式用于艾滋病伴肺结核患者诊断,能够获得明显影像学特征,有助于诊断准确率提高。     

Limited benefit of CT scans in tuberculosis contact tracing

ObjectiveThe detection of abnormal findings on computed tomography (CT) scans of tuberculosis contacts combined with normal plain radiographs contributes to the early detection of tuberculosis. However, the benefit of the early detection of abnormalities for the prevention of active tuberculosis during follow-up requires evaluation.MethodWe conducted retrospective comparison of the existence of CT scans of tuberculosis contacts without findings of active tuberculosis on plain radiographs at a hospital in Japan. Results: Among 243 contacts without CT scans, five developed tuberculosis during follow-up. Among 229 contacts with CT scans, 24 were judged as targets of multi-drug therapy since their CT findings were suggestive of active tuberculosis at the time of the CT screening. Among 205 contacts judged as having latent tuberculous infection with CT screening, three developed tuberculosis diseases during follow-up. Conclusion: CT scans detected abnormal findings among contacts without abnormalities of plain radiographs but there were some contacts that developed tuberculosis diseases among those with contact investigation including CT scan. The value of CT is equivocal considering the balance of true treatment, overtreatment and harm of radiation.     

学校结核病影响因素及防控策略概述

结核病是一种严重的呼吸系统传染性疾病,在世界范围内广泛传播。某些特殊群体结核病发病风险较高,如学校学生及相关工作人员。学校学生聚集,人口密度大,有利于疾病的传播与扩散,导致聚集性疫情的发生。学校结核病疫情的出现主要与学生免疫力低、就诊延误现象、人口密度大、性别、年龄、知晓率等因素有关。为了尽早发现传染源,减少结核病在校园内的传播,使用合理的方法对密切接触者进行筛查极为重要。应明确各机构在学校结核病防控工作中的职责与重点,共同做好防控工作,减少学校结核病疫情的发生。     

不同地区和年龄组人群接受结核病防治健康教育途径的分析

目的 通过调查全国各省居民接受结核病防治核心信息的健康教育途径,为结核病防治健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市;不包括我国港澳台地区)按照调查点和调查对象的选取原则共抽取181个调查点和≥15岁的33357名调查对象,其中城镇和农村调查点分别为84个和97个,调查对象为18156名(54.43%)和15201名(45.57%)。为了解不同人群对于健康教育途径和宣传材料选择的偏好,将调查对象按照地区、城乡和年龄组分成12个组,分别为东部城镇15~60岁组(5311名)、东部城镇>60岁组(1618名)、东部乡村15~60岁组(3561名)、东部乡村>60岁组(1106名);中部城镇15~60岁组(6055名)、中部城镇>60岁组(1560名)、中部乡村15~60岁组(4476名)、中部乡村>60岁组(974名);西部城镇15~60岁组(2791名)、西部城镇>60岁组(732名)、西部乡村15~60岁组(3789名)、西部乡村>60岁组(1218名)。使用专家设计的结核病防治核心信息知晓率调查问卷对所有调查对象进行面对面询问式调查。本研究收集调查对象的社会人口学分类一般情况和接受健康教育的途径数据资料,有效问卷为33191份,有效率为99.50%;其中21296名(64.16%)表示接受过健康教育。结果 既往接受过健康教育的12个群组21296名调查对象选择媒介前三位者依次为电视(17.46%,11087/63510)、广播(14.54%,9237/63510)、传单/折页/宣传画(13.60%,8635/63510),其中选择电视和广播者均以中部城镇>60岁组为最高(分别为23.07%,314/1361;19.62%,267/1361),而选择传单/折页/宣传画者以中部乡村>60岁组为最高(14.97%,299/1998);选择网站/微博/微信者以东部城镇15~60岁组为最高(5.89%,577/9792)、西部乡村>60岁组为最低(0.30%,5/1639)。33191名调查对象希望了解结核病防治信息的途径前3位者分别为广播/电视/电影/网络/音像材料(26.76%,15517/57978)、医生宣传(18.21%,10559/57978)和张贴画/宣传栏/板报/展板/墙体标语(16.06%,9311/57978)。对宣传材料的选择依次为图画为主(25.76%,9549/37074)、文字为主(24.57%,9110/37074)。对网络的接受率以东部城镇>60岁组为最高(9.16%,163/1779),中部、西部乡村均较低[分别为2.60%(27/1037)和2.71%(25/923)]。最喜欢的网络咨询或查询方式依次为“使用医学专业人员在线咨询”(27.89%,9653/34608)、“到医学专业的网站查看”(21.86%,7563/34608)、“用百度或谷歌搜索”(15.74%,5448/34608)等方式。大众比较喜欢的网络传播知识的形式以文字+图片(29.14%,11268/38672)、文字+视频(26.20%,10131/38672)为主。结论 应针对不同地区、不同年龄组人群的特点,采取不同的健康教育途径和方法,将结核病防治核心信息有效地传达到特定的目标人群,特别是知晓率相对较低的老年人群和西部农村人口。     

结核病患者外周血γ干扰素释放试验假阴性的相关因素分析

目的 分析影响结核病患者外周血γ干扰素释放试验(interferon-gamma release assay,IGRA)检测假阴性的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年3月解放军总医院第八医学中心结核四科收治的资料完整、外周血IGRA检测阴性和阳性的结核病患者,分别作为IGRA假阴性组(38例)和IGRA阳性组(119例),收集其一般情况、病史特点、血清生化指标和外周血淋巴细胞亚群,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析导致IGRA检测结果假阴性的影响因素。结果 IGRA假阴性组淋巴细胞计数、T细胞计数、CD4⁺T细胞计数、CD8⁺T细胞计数、NKT细胞计数M(Q₁,Q₃)分别为1.15(0.77,1.58)×10⁹个/L、867.50(508.75,1135.50)个/μl、493.00(256.00,673.75)个/μl、254.50(170.25,429.25)个/μl、38.50(16.50,88.25)个/μl,均明显低于IGRA阳性组[分别为1.46(0.99,1.88)×10⁹个/L、1013.00(667.00,1394.00)个/μl、590.00(386.00,850.00)个/μl、335.00(232.00,561.00)个/μl、57.00(30.00,121.00)个/μl,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-2.512、-2.143、-2.092、-2.303、-2.338,P值分别为0.012、0.032、0.036、0.021、0.019)。logistic回归分析结果显示,NKT细胞计数低于正常值(<40个/μl)的患者,IGRA检测出现假阴性的风险是NKT细胞计数正常者的2.440倍(95%CI:1.159~5.134)。结论 NKT细胞计数的减少可能导致外周血IGRA出现假阴性。