保留自主呼吸对于重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的影响：弊大于利

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是临床上常见的以顽固性低氧为表现的呼吸功能不全或衰竭的综合征，肺不均一性是其主要病理生理特点。传统观点认为，保留ARDS患者自主呼吸有助于改善全身氧合。但是近年来发现，对于重度ARDS患者，保留患者自主呼吸会加重肺损伤，过强的自主呼吸会导致重度ARDS患者跨肺压升高、肺内气体摆动、肺水肿加重以及人机不同步，引起患者肺内炎症加重，氧合功能恶化，最终影响患者预后，增加病死率。本文就自主呼吸对重度ARDS患者呼吸功能的影响机制展开综述。     

Colitis following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A real-world analysis of spontaneous reports submitted to the FDA adverse event reporting system

BackgroundAlthough colitis has been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), associations between colitis and ICIs had not been thoroughly assessed in real-world studies. Here, we identified and characterized significant colitis-associated with ICIs.MethodsBased on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to December 2019, the disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and the multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms were adopted to data mining of the suspected adverse events of colitis after ICIs administrating. Clinical characteristics of patients with ICIs-associated colitis and the time to onset of colitis following different ICI regimens were collected.ResultsA total of 3786 reports of colitis adverse events were identified with ICIs. Seven ICI monotherapies were associated with the reporting of colitis. Statistically significant ROR, PRR, information component (IC), and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM) emerged for all ICI monotherapies and combination therapies. ICIs-associated colitis affected mostly male (53.51%), with a wide mean age range (60.65 to 72 years). Colitis adverse events were commonly reported in patients with melanoma and lung cancer. Adverse outcomes of colitis concerning ICI were mainly outcomes of hospitalization-initiated or prolonged and other serious. Among colitis cases, 17.43% cases of colitis concerning ICI lead to death. The adverse event of colitis occurred earliest in ipilimumab monotherapy with a median time to onset of 64.21 days (IQR: 27–69 days) among all monotherapies.ConclusionsICI may lead to severe and disabling ICIs-associated colitis during therapy. Analysis of FAERS data identified signals for adverse events of colitis with ICI regimens. Practitioners should consider the factors that may increase the likelihood of colitis. The findings support a continued surveillance and risk factor identification studies.     

超敏C反应蛋白与自发性脑出血患者血肿量及预后的相关性分析

目的探讨超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与自发性脑出血患者(SICH)血肿量和预后的相关性。方法选取2016-01-2018-10萍乡市人民医院收治的SICH患者162例。将其分为大量血肿组、小量血肿组,选择同时期江西萍乡市人民医院80例门诊体检者为对照组。检测和比较3组入院时hs-CRP水平,比较预后良好和不良患者的hs-CRP水平,评价血清hs-CRP水平与血肿体积、预后的相关性。结果大量及小量血肿组hs-CRP水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且大量血肿组hs-CRP水平显著高于小量血肿组(P<0.05)。预后良好组hs-CRP水平显著低于预后不良组(P<0.05)。SICH患者hs-CRP水平与血肿量大小和GOS评分呈正相关(r=0.452,0.433,P<0.05)。结论SICH患者血清hs-CRP水平显著升高,与血肿量大小和预后明显相关。     

南充市自发性脑出血发病与气温的相关性及滞后效应

目的分析南充市自发性脑出血（sICH）发病与气温的相关性及滞后关系。 方法收集南充市全市范围内二级以上医院2014年1月至2018年12月收治的sICH患者病例资料及同期气温数据，利用Spearman等级相关法确定最佳温度指标，将其组建分布滞后非线性模型，评估其与sICH日发病风险的暴露-剂量反应关系，分层分析各温度节点在性别及年龄组别的滞后-剂量反应关系。 结果共收集sICH患者资料13 952例。Spearman相关性分析揭示sICH日发病人数与日均气温呈非线性负相关（r=-0.324，P<0.05）。分布滞后非线性模型分析结果表明极低温和低温当天sICH的相对危险度为1.68（1.35~2.08）及1.47（1.24~1.72），危害效应最大，其随着滞后天数增加而减弱，极低温滞后1~2 d，低温持续滞后1~10 d。低龄组（18~60岁）在极低温、低温下滞后2 d，高龄组（>60岁）在极低温下滞后10 d，低温下滞后24 d。不同性别组在极低温、低温下滞后效应趋势一致，随滞后天数增加风险下降。 结论低温增加sICH发病风险，早期呈明显急性影响，且具有滞后效应，老年人对低温反应更加滞后。     

Molecular pathogenesis of spontaneous abortions – Whole genome copy number analysis and expression of angiogenic factors

ObjectiveTo study two major molecular alterations in spontaneous abortions (SA) with unexplained etiology – fetal genomic anomalies and the endometrial expression of main angiogenic factors VEGFA/VEGFR2 and chemokines SDF-1/CXCR4.Materials and methodsWhole genome copy number analysis by arrayCGH or Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was applied for detection of fetal genomic imbalances. The abortive decidua of SA without fetal aneuploidies was further investigated for expression levels of the abovementioned factors using real time PCR analysis. A total of 30 abortive materials were collected from spontaneous abortions after exclusion of known predisposing factors.ResultsIn 21 of 30 spontaneous abortions (70%), genomic anomalies were discovered by whole genome copy number analysis. Numerical anomalies were detected in 90% of aberrant cases, and in 10% - structural aberrations were revealed. An increased expression for essential factors of angiogenesis was identified in spontaneous abortions’ tissues - 3.44 times for VEGFA and 10.29 times for VEGFR2. We found an average of 14 times increase in the expression levels of SDF-1 and 3.21 times for its receptor CXCR4.ConclusionWe could suggest the occurrence of increased angiogenesis in SA without fetal aneuploidies, compared to the control tissues, which could lead to increased oxidative stress and fetal loss.     

The quality of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports from the pharmacovigilance centre in western China

Background: High-quality adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports are essential for conducting drug safety monitoring in pharmacovigilance. The study aim was to assess the current quality of ADR reports in western China, and to identify problems with ADR report quality.

Research design and methods: A sample of 1139 reports received by the Shaanxi ADR Monitoring Center from January 2015 to December 2017 was selected. ADR report quality was evaluated using an ADR report quality evaluation system.

Results: None of the reports were rated as excellent and 1.40% (n = 16) as good. Report quality was better for new and serious reports than for general reports. Medical institutions generated higher quality reports than pharmaceutical manufacturers. Nurses generated higher quality reports than doctors, pharmacists, and other professionals. Reporters of different occupations showed significant differences in the quality of the indicators Reporting time limit, Intervention ADR time, ADR termination time, ADR intervention measures, Original disease, and Cause of medication (P = 0.000).

Conclusions: The ADR data quality was poor in western China, and of lower quality than reported data from previous research in other regions. Improvements in the quality and availability of ADR reports are urgently needed.     

Outcomes of infants born at 23 and 24 weeks' gestation with gut perforation

PurposeThe provision of neonatal intensive care to infants born at 23 or 24 weeks' gestation poses medical, surgical and ethical challenges. Gastrointestinal perforation is a well-recognized complication of preterm birth, occurring most often as a result of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP). Given the risk of morbidity and mortality in these ‘periviable’ infants, this complication may prompt transition from active management to palliative care. In our institution, the surgical care of periviable infants with gut perforation has not been dictated by gestational age. This study reports our outcomes.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis of integrated neonatal medical and surgical care of all infants born between 23^{+ 0} and 24^{+ 6} weeks' gestation admitted to a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during a 16 year period (2002–2017).ResultsA total of 198 periviable neonates (73 born at 23 weeks' gestation and 125 born at 24 weeks) were admitted during the 16-year period; most were inborn with only 26 retrieved from regional centers. Twenty-six of these infants developed gut perforation: 14 SIP, 8 NEC, 3 esophageal perforation and one after reduction of an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Twelve (46%) periviable infants with gut perforation survived to discharge home, seven of whom had no/mild disability at 2–3 years corrected gestational age. Of the 198 periviable infants admitted to NICU, 116 (58%) were alive at a corrected gestational age of 2–3 years and 29 of the 56 (51%) assessed had mild or no disability.ConclusionsIn the setting of combined medical and surgical care in a tertiary level NICU almost half of all periviable infants with a gut perforation survived, many with no/mild disability at 2–3 years corrected gestational age. Rigid protocols that rely on gestational age alone to guide treatment are not appropriate. These results support the contention that, when possible, extremely preterm infants should be born and cared for in units with combined medical and surgical expertise.Level of evidenceLevel III cohort study.     

Epidemiological evidence of increased waist circumference,but not body mass index,associated with impaired baroreflex sensitivity

Although an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was found, the effect of waist circumference (WC) on BRS is still inconclusive. The contradictory results of previous studies may be related to the heterogeneity and relatively small sample size of the subjects examined. The aim of this population-based study was to investigate whether the influence of increased WC is more detrimental to BRS than BMI. A total of 760 community dwellers were recruited and they were classified into Q1 (n = 189), Q2 (n = 183), Q3 (n = 192) and Q4 (n = 196) groups, based on WC quartiles. Spontaneous BRS was determined by spectral α coefficient method. Valsalva ratio was the longest RR interval after release of Valsalva maneuver divided by the shortest RR interval during maneuver. Cardiac autonomic function was calculated by power spectrum of heart rate in low and high frequency (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz; HF, 0.15–0.40 Hz), and LF/HF ratio in supine position for five minutes. There were significant differences in spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio among different WC groups. In multivariate analysis, obesity was inversely associated with spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio. However, these inverse relationships became insignificant after further adjustment for WC quartiles. In contrast, Q4 vs. Q1, Q3 vs. Q1 and Q2 vs. Q1 of WC were inversely related to spontaneous BRS. Q4 vs. Q1 and Q3 vs. Q1 of WC were negatively associated with the Valsalva ratio. In conclusion, increased and even high-normal WC had a stronger adverse effect on BRS than BMI, independent of cardio-metabolic risk factors.     

Spontaneous disappearance of brain arteriovenous malformation: A case series

ObjectiveBrain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) is defined as abnormal communication between cerebral of arteries and veins, without capillaries. Clinically, it may involve intracranial hemorrhage or seizures. Complete spontaneous resolution, known as BAVM disappearance, has been reported in rare cases.MethodsWe retrospectively collated all cases of BAVM in Lille University Hospital, from 2005 to 2018, and identified all cases of spontaneous BAVM disappearance on angiography (nidus and early venous drainage).ResultsThere were 4 cases of spontaneous BAVM disappearance, in 3573 patients: i.e., prevalence of 0.1%. Sex ratio was 2:2; ages ranged from 14 to 46 years; nidus size was generally small (< 20 mm); 3 of the 4 patients had superficial venous drainage. Revelation of BAVM was by hemorrhage in 3 cases and by seizure in 1. There were no cases of recanalization at 1 year's follow-up.ConclusionSpontaneous BAVM disappearance is rare. Associated factors may include small nidus, superficial venous drainage and hemorrhage.