Delineating the geographic context of physical activities: A systematic search and scoping review of the methodological approaches used in social ecological research over two decades

BackgroundThe social ecological approach suggests that the spatial context among other factors influence physical activity behavior. Ample research documents physical environmental effects on physical activity. Yet, to date inconsistent associations remain, which might be explained by conceptual and methodological challenges in measuring the spatial dimensions of health behavior. We review methods applied to measure the spatial contexts in the social ecological physical activity literature.MethodsOnline databases and selected reviews were used to identify papers published between 1990 and 2020. A total of 2167 records were retrieved, from which 412 studies that used physical activity as a primary outcome variable, included measures of the physical environment and applied the main principles of the social ecological approach, were included.ResultsSubjective approaches were the dominant method to capture the spatial context of physical activities. These approaches were applied in 67% (n=279) of the studies. From the objective approaches an administrative unit was most prevalent and was applied in 29% (n=118) of the studies. The most comprehensive objective spatial methods that capture the true environmental exposure, were used only in 2% (n=10) of the studies.ConclusionsCurrent social ecological physical activity research applies simple conceptualizations and methods of the spatial context. While conceptual and methodological concerns have been repeatedly expressed, no substantive progress has been made in the use of spatial approaches. To further our understanding on place effects on health, future studies should carefully consider the choice of spatial approaches, and their effect on study results.     

Neurophysiological adaptations to spaceflight and simulated microgravity

Changes in physiological functions after spaceflight and simulated spaceflight involve several mechanisms. Microgravity is one of them and it can be partially reproduced with models, such as head down bed rest (HDBR). Yet, only a few studies have investigated in detail the complexity of neurophysiological systems and their integration to maintain homeostasis. Central nervous system changes have been studied both in their structural and functional component with advanced techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), showing the main involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas, as well as vestibular-related pathways. Analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) led to contrasting results, mainly due to the different factors affecting brain activity. The study of corticospinal excitability may enable a deeper understanding of countermeasures' effect, since greater excitability has been shown being correlated with better preservation of functions. Less is known about somatosensory evoked potentials and peripheral nerve function, yet they may be involved in a homeostatic mechanism fundamental to thermoregulation. Extending the knowledge of such alterations during simulated microgravity may be useful not only for space exploration, but for its application in clinical conditions and for life on Earth, as well.     

2D, 3D, 4D : comment habiter après le traumatisme ?

AimsThis article seeks to develop a psychoanalytic conception of dwelling, taking into account the variations of space as they can be observed in the clinic of trauma and in the artistic experience.MethodAfter having presented a first psychoanalytic definition of dwelling as a “psychic production of space,” in connection with the positions of S. Freud and J. Lacan, Philippe Lançon's book Le Lambeau serves as a clinical reference, highlighting the variations between different types of space.ResultsThree types of spaces are identified and presented metapsychologically: three-dimensional space (3D) constructed by the ego; the two-dimensional space (2D) that manifests itself to the Subject, in particular in the repetitive emergence of traumatic scenes; finally, an artistic experience (both creation and reception) that needs to be thought through topologically, and therefore in four dimensions (4D).DiscussionThese three types of space need to be thought together, in particular because of a mute and dizzying common point between 2D and 4D. Several articulation models are presented and discussed, gradually making it possible to identify the therapeutic and ethical issues of different clinical orientations. In doing so, three successive definitions of a psychoanalytic approach to dwelling are also presented.ConclusionThe spatial dimension of trauma remains relatively under-studied. However, it offers valuable ways for intervention and clinical invention, especially if we consider the contribution of artistic experience. The enigmatic notion of dwelling can at last be understood here as the way in which these three spaces are produced by the structure of the unconscious.     

后半规管非平面性对夹角测量的影响

目的 测量后半规管夹角,观察后半规管非平面性对夹角测量的影响。 方法 对20例磁共振三维稳态构成干预序列内耳检查影像进行分析,通过使用3D Slicer 4.4软件直接测量左、右后半规管的夹角来推算后半规管和矢状面的夹角。 结果 左、右后半规管夹角为90.5°±8.9°,最小夹角73°,最大夹角108°。可推算后半规管和矢状面夹角为45.3°±4.4°,最小36.5°,最大54°。 结论 后半规管切面经过或不经过共脚,由此导致夹角测量差异约为9°,故此次测量数据和既往研究相符,但本方法更加直观方便。     

Electrochemistry of some novel hole transport materials

Several charge transfer agents have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry. We report multistep mechanisms involving both chemical and electrochemical steps, for the three compounds in the study. The overall mechanism consists of two quasi-reversible electron transfer events, each followed by a chemical step, an ECEC mechanism. The first cyclic voltammetric wave for each compound was studied separately. After the second quasi-reversible electron transfer, a third oxidation wave is observed under conditions of high concentration and slower scan rates. This is attributed to direct oxidation of the product of the second chemical step, which is identified as oligomer formation. This hypothesis is consistent with the physically observed formation of a film on the surface of the electrode, presumably from electrooxidative oligomerization of the compound.     

Reduction of silver complexes: towards an ever more elaborated insight in the influence of the type of ligand on the reaction rate

The present work deals with the investigation of the electrochemical reduction of silver thiosulphate (1,2-Ag(S₂O₃)₂^3?), thiocyanate (1,3-Ag(SCN)₃^2?) and 1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dithiaoctane (1,2-Ag(DTO)₂⁺) complexes. The influence of the ligand type on the charge transfer rate is explained by the changing positions of the density distributions of electronic energy levels of the three complexes. The basics for this approach are the theories of energy band models (EBMs). An experimental methodology is developed to determine the energy density distributions. A Ti/TiO₂ substrate, obtained by galvanostatically anodising Ti, is put forward as an appropriate substrate for this investigation, and its semiconducting properties are determined. On this substrate, charge transfer (CT) controlled currents can be measured in a sufficiently large potential domain for the three systems. A method of pre-plating is optimised such that the overall semiconducting character of the substrate is kept during the monitoring of the (quasi-)stationary current/voltage diagrams. The active surface areas, necessary for the calculation of the current density/potential curves, are calculated. The positions of the energy density distributions, obtained by the derivation of the current density/voltage diagrams, of the three complexes, show that thiosulphate exhibits the smallest density of accepting energy levels in the given potential domain. For potentials above 0.5 V vs. SCE, the DTO complex has the largest density of vacant energy levels, but for lower potentials the situation is reversed.     

Steady-state and pulsed current multi-ion simulations for a thallium electrodeposition process

A numerical simulation and optimization tool for pulsed current electroplating processes is applied to the industrial preparation of high quality Tl-203 deposits. Reliable predictions on current efficiency and deposit quality are enabled by the construction of an adequate reaction mechanism for Tl deposition from highly basic solutions (pH >12.5) in the presence of the EDTA complexing agent. In order to account for multi-ion mass transfer effects near the electrode, the diluted electrochemical ionic system model is to be solved without simplifications, in combination with electron transfer and homogeneous complex forming reactions as defined by the proposed reaction mechanism. Physical and chemical parameters for this model are achieved by comparing and tuning simulated steady-state polarization and efficiency curves at a rotating disc electrode (RDE) with experimental data.     

糖尿病合并颌面部间隙感染的术后护理

目的探讨糖尿病合并口腔颌面部间隙感染患者的术后护理。方法回顾性分析25例口腔颌面部间隙感染合并糖尿病患者的临床资料及护理。结果25例患者口腔颌面部间隙感染术后血糖得到有效的控制，间隙感染痊愈。结论控制感染，合理膳食，严格控制血糖，加强术后护理是治疗的有效手段。