我国西南地区居民饮食误区现况调查

目的 了解西南地区居民饮食误区的现况及其影响因素，为促进居民对饮食误区的正确认知及针对性营养宣教提供参考。方法 采用方便抽样法进行调查，抽取西南地区（重庆、四川、云南、贵州）7 945名居民，面对面问卷调查。结果 48.31%居民了解补钙的最佳食物，仅有21.65%的居民了解补铁食物，有77.10%的居民不赞同“吃野生动物更有营养”，居民对“素食比荤素搭配更有益”、“红色食物补血”的态度持赞同的分别为45.28%、26.86%。有50.80%的居民赞同“食物相生相克”。不同性别、年龄、地区、职业、教育程度、收入、BMI的居民对饮食误区有差异，且差异有统计学意义，P＜0.001；回归分析显示:女性（OR = 0.87，95%CI:0.83～0.90）、城市居民（OR = 0.90，95%CI:0.86～0.94）、学生（OR = 0.74，95%CI:0.68～0.82）及白领（OR = 0.80，95%CI:0.74～0.86）、高教育程度（OR = 0.75，95%CI:0.70～0.80）、高收入（OR = 0.90，95%CI:0.85～0.96）的居民是对饮食误区认知的保护因素，超重（OR = 1.05，95%CI:1.00～1.11）、肥胖（OR = 1.10，95%CI:1.01～1.20）的居民对饮食误区认知是危险因素。结论 我国西南地区居民普遍存在饮食误区，对补铁、补钙食物来源的认知不够，大部分居民存在以下误区:“食物相生相克”、“红色食物补血”、“素食比荤素搭配更有益”。在进行营养健康宣教时应加强对男性、年龄偏大、农村地区、少数民族、教育程度较低、工人、低收入、BMI 不正常的居民进行营养知识科普，着重宣传补铁、补钙的途径，提高营养知识知晓率，纠正饮食文化误区，促进慢性疾病的预防。     

The 5-year incidence of male breast cancer in Southwest of China from 2007 to 2011

Objective： Male breast cancer is a rare disease with an incidence of about 1% of breast cancers in USA, but relatively lack of the information of male breast cancer in China, especially in Southwest of China, led us to study its incidence trends. Methods： Chongqing is one of the biggest and the most important areas that is located in Southwest of China. There are around 31.4 million people who live in approximate 82 402.95 km2 area of Chongqing. Data about breast cancer patients registered in the Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Chongqing （China） were statistically collected from 187 hospi- tals, about 58 hospitals in city and 129 hospitals in country, and over 6.2 million people were studied every year. It was tried to represent all the people in villages and cities in Chongqing, China. Results： The incidence of male breast cancer in Southwest of China ranged from 0.34/100 000 to 1,45/100 000 between 2007 and 2011, while the incidence of female breast cancer ranged from 15.40/100000 to 21.66/100000 at the same time. The rate of male breast cancer to female breast cancer ranged from 0.02：1 to 0.07：1, male breast cancer accounted for 1.96% to 6.5% （with the mean value of 2.9%） of breast cancers in Southwest of China from 2007 to 2010. Conclusion： In Southwest of China male breast cancer accounts for about 2.9% of breast cancers which is higher than that in United States. It is important for policy makers and health manager to seriously consider breast cancer in future plan in Southwest of China.     

Usefulness of Left Ventricular Vortex Flow Analysis for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Quantitative Vorticity Imaging Study Using Contrast Echocardiography

The goal of the study described here was to evaluate whether left ventricular vortex flow parameters, as assessed by contrast echocardiography, enhance prediction of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with chronic heart failure and systolic dysfunction. A total of 75 patients with contrast echocardiography and systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤45%) were prospectively enrolled and underwent vortex flow analysis with particle image velocimetry using contrast echocardiography. Vortex flow parameters, including kinetic energy fluctuation (KEF), were evaluated. Patients were followed up for a primary endpoint of MACE that comprised hospital admission for cardiovascular causes and cardiac deaths. Across a median 277-d follow-up, 29 patients (38.7%) experienced MACE. Among these, the incidence of diabetes and the E/e' ratio were significantly higher in patients with MACE than in those without, whereas the hemoglobin level and ejection fraction were significantly lower. KEF was significantly lower in patients with MACE. In the multivariate analysis, higher KEF was associated with a lower risk of MACE (hazard ratio?=?0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.04–0.97, p?=?0.046). The addition of KEF to a model with conventional parameters (e.g., age, diabetes, ejection fraction and the E/e' ratio) significantly improved the model's discrimination. Elevations in the quantitative left ventricular vortex flow parameter, KEF, as determined by contrast echocardiography, are associated with a lower risk of MACE and improved functional status among patients with chronic heart failure.     

抗战时期西南联大的教授群体的和而不同

西南联大是抗战时期中国高等教育的一个奇迹。西南联大的出现,是因为抗日战争这个特殊的历史事件促成了中国当时最优秀的三所大学和最杰出的学术精英的汇聚,并且还有了长达九年的成功合作,而其办学成功的一个重要原因就是在于它拥有一批具有民主传统、自由理念和宽容精神的教授群体。西南联大的教授群体是由一群思想各异、行为自主、我行我素、独来独往的学者们所构成,在这个特殊群体中从校长到教授都有相似的教育背景,他们既受过中国传统文化的熏陶,也有国外留学和考察的经历,他们的知识结构比较完整,可谓学贯中西。而且这些学者深受西方自由主义思潮的影响,他们大多属于自由主义者,自由主义成为联大教授的意识形态。西南联大的教授群体也是最具有独立性的一个群体,他们可以比较自由地表达自己的思想,很少受党派的约束。西南联大教授群体认同和坚守的价值谱系成为他们相互合作、共事、团结的基础,这些价值谱系是:潜心学术而避免内部纷争;宽容精神和民主信念;党派之间和平共处。西南联大教授群体身上所表现出来的价值谱系实际上就是一种大学精神具体化,是一种大学文化的自觉,是教授群体在大学融合和发展过程中所形成的集体觉悟,他们以此来规范和约束自己的行动,既有所为也有所不为。...     

人体上呼吸道中气流涡结构特征数值仿真研究

目的研究上呼吸道内涡结构特征及其演化形式,深入认识上呼吸道内气流运动特性,对于分析气溶胶在人体上呼吸道内的扩散、转捩以及沉积模式具有重要作用。方法应用大涡模拟的方法,对人体在低强度呼吸条件下上呼吸道内的气流涡结构及其运动特性进行了数值仿真研究,讨论了人体口喉模型以及气管支气管内的涡结构演化过程和涡结构特征。结果气流在咽部、喉部形成两次射流,导致气流在咽部和喉部出现两个主要的涡量增长区,咽喉部位形成扁平涡,在靠近气管中心偏向前壁的位置出现一个"类壁弯涡",气管内出现了以接近对称的反向旋转涡对;G0气管末端的涡量由壁面向中心处扩展,并随着流动向G1支气管内延伸,各级支气管中涡量并不是对称分布的。结论涡结构特征及其演化形式是上呼吸道内气流运动的显著特点,气道结构特点是引起不同尺度涡结构演化的主导因素。     

Studies on the metabolic mechanism of reduced high density lipoproteins during anabolic steroid therapy

To explore the mechanism whereby stanozolol, a 17 alpha-methyl androgenic anabolic steroid, depresses high density lipoproteins (HDL), 6 subjects, aged 46-71 yr (4 postmenopausal women and 2 men), underwent paired studies of 125I-HDL turnover (including HDL2 and HDL3 and Apo A-I and A-II) and postheparin plasma (PHP) lipolytic activity (hepatic triglyceride lipase, HTGL, and lipoprotein lipase LPL) before and during treatment with stanozolol, 6 mg/day. While total cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change during stanozolol, HDL-cholesterol decreased from 59 +/- 18 mg/dl (x +/- SD) to 29 +/- 7 mg/dl (p less than 0.01) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol increased from 160 +/- 36 mg/dl to 181 +/- 42 mg/dl (p less than 0.02). PHP-HTGL increased from 111 +/- 47 nmole/min/ml to 369 +/- 202 nmole/min/ml (p less than 0.04), while PHP-LPL did not change. At baseline the residence time of HDL2 (4.00 +/- 1.04 day) was shorter than that of HDL3 (6.79 +/- 1.00 day) (p less than 0.001). Residence times of both declined on stanozolol, to 3.25 +/- 0.83 day and 4.00 +/- 0.29 day, respectively (0.1 less than p less than 0.2); however, only the reduction in residence time of HDL3 was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). At baseline the residence time of apo A-I (4.93 +/- 1.32 day) was shorter than that of A-II (6.85 +/- 1.98 day) (p less than 0.025); on stanozolol these declined to 3.19 +/- 0.41 (p less than 0.02) and 5.10 +/- 1.13 (p = 0.07), respectively, still significantly different from each other (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of plasma drug level and the presence of conduction disease on the electrophysiologic effects of procainamide.

Electrophysiologic measurements were made in 16 patients before and after the intravenous administration of procainamide. The drug was administered at two different dose levels. The lower plasma procainamide level (6 to 7 μg/ml) caused small decreases in cycle length (848 ± 13 versus 799 ± 42 msec), sinus nodal recovery time (1,166 ± 81 versus 1,024 ± 90 msec at a paced rate of 120 beats/min) and sinoatrial conduction time (105 ± 11 to 90 ± 9 msec). Sinus or atrial echo zones, whether or not they caused supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, were abolished by procainamide in 11 of 13 instances. The higher plasma level of procainamide (10 to 11 μg/ml) generally caused greater changes in electrophysiologic measurements. Atrial refractory periods tended to increase but changed significantly only at higher plasma levels. The latter effect was blunted in patients with a prolonged sinoatrial conduction time. The A-H interval and atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period tended to decrease at higher plasma levels, but not significantly. The H-V interval increased slightly from 48 ± 2 to 52 ± 2 msec; this effect was blunted in patients with bundle branch block.It is concluded that procainamide could be useful in managing supraventricular tachyarrhythmia because it abolishes atrial and sinus echo zones that trigger supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and because its widespread effects make it capable of blocking reentry at several sites. The electrophysiologic effects or procainamide are less predictable in patients with conduction disease, and some effects occur only at high plasma levels.