Breast reconstruction after therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer: A comparison of guideline recommendations

BackgroundThe purpose of this article is to illuminate differences in published clinical practice guideline recommendations for breast reconstruction after prophylactic and therapeutic mastectomy.MethodsTen guidelines were identified through a systematic search of websites and databases of reputable oncology guideline developers, and key differences and gaps in recommendations were noted. Quality assessment of the guidelines was conducted by three reviewers using the AGREE II tool, focusing on breast reconstruction specific documents rather than the general breast cancer guidelines.ResultsThe most comprehensive guidelines were published by Alberta Health Services, Cancer Care Ontario, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the Association of Breast Surgery/British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. AGREE II scores in the domains of “Scope and Purpose” and “Clarity and Presentation” were ranked relatively high for all four guidelines while “Applicability” and “Editorial Independence” were ranked relatively low. The Alberta and Ontario guidelines were the overall highest ranked guidelines across all domains.ConclusionOverall, these guidelines provide consistent recommendations on who should receive breast reconstruction education, who is a candidate for postmastectomy breast reconstruction, and the appropriate timing of reconstruction and extent of mastectomy. Future updates from all should focus on expanding to include alloplastic and autologous forms of reconstruction and should include a broad scope of relevant questions.     

A biological or a synthetic mesh in immediate breast reconstruction? A cohort-study of long-term Health related Quality of Life (HrQoL)

ObjectivesMeshes/matrices are commonly used in immediate breast reconstruction. There are few studies comparing biological and synthetic meshes and it is unknown what type of mesh gives the best long-term results. The aim of this study was to compare long-term health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and patient satisfaction in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with a biological mesh (Surgisis®) with that of patients reconstructed with a synthetic mesh (TIGR ® Matrix Surgical Mesh).Material and methodsBoth cohorts were prospectively included and consecutively operated. Clinical data was collected. HrQoL was evaluated with EuroQoL-5 dimension – 3 levels questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Breast-Q.Results and conclusionSeventy-one patients were operated on in the biological group and 49 in the synthetic group. The response rates were 75 and 84 per cent, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 74 months and 23 months, respectively. There were no statistical differences in satisfaction and quality of life between the two groups. Complications and radiation seem to lead to a lower satisfaction. Our findings could indicate that biological and synthetic meshes give an equal long-term result as regards patients’ perceived quality of life.     

圆形皮肤扩张器在面部旁正中瘢痕修复中的应用

目的:探讨应用圆形皮肤扩张器扩张皮瓣修复面部旁正中瘢痕的效果。方法:2014年1月至2019年5月收治面旁正中部瘢痕患者30例,于瘢痕外侧颧颊部埋置圆形皮肤扩张器,经注水扩张后,设计推进或异位扩张皮瓣修复面旁正中瘢痕。结果:30例患者完成扩张,注水扩张中3例发生感染经腔内灌洗引流控制,4例并发血肿行血肿清除术。30例面旁正中瘢痕成功修复,其中11例伴下睑外翻者完全矫正7例、改善4例;伴上唇外翻、口角歪斜、鼻翼畸形者均得到不同程度的改善。随访6~12个月,患者对瘢痕修复效果较满意。结论:选择圆形皮肤扩张器修复面旁正中瘢痕,皮肤利用率高、皮瓣设计方便、修复效果好。     

上颌骨性扩弓器在上颌骨横向发育不足中的应用及优势

文题释义： 上颌骨横向发育不足：是许多错牙合畸形的常见伴发症状，青少年发病率为8%-23%，成人正畸患者发病率约为10%，常表现为上颌基骨及牙弓狭窄、腭盖高拱、单侧或双侧后牙反或对刃、颊廊过大等。 上颌骨性扩弓器：通过4颗穿透双层骨皮质(腭骨和鼻底)的微种植体的辅助，将特制的螺旋扩弓器固定在硬腭后部，使螺旋扩弓器产生的扩弓力直接作用于上颌骨而不是牙列，从而产生骨性扩弓效应。 背景：上颌骨性扩弓器是一项上颌骨非手术扩弓技术，与传统的上颌快速扩弓器、微种植体辅助上颌快速扩弓和外科手术辅助上颌快速扩弓截然不同，为上颌骨横向发育不足的矫治提供了新思路、新方法，尤其为生长发育完成的成年患者提供了高效且微创的骨性扩弓效果。 目的：通过检索、筛选和阅读大量文献的方法，对上颌骨性扩弓器在上颌骨横向发育不足中的应用及优势进行系统性综述，为该类患者临床治疗方案确定提供科学的参考依据。 方法：对Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)等国内外常用数据库进行计算机检索，全面收集2019-05-31之前发表的与上颌骨性扩弓器相关的中英文文献。 结果与结论：上颌骨性扩弓器是矫治上颌骨横向发育不足的一种有效方法，其扩弓不受年龄限制，对于成人依然有良好的骨性扩弓效果。上颌骨性扩弓器使整个面中部结构扩张，导致腭中缝接近平行扩大，翼腭缝裂开，颧骨间宽度增加，包括鼻骨上区在内的整个鼻腔变宽，且牙齿颊倾、牙槽骨高度降低等不良反应较小。 ORCID: 0000-0001-7741-6045(张肖雅) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

Postoperative Expansion is not a Primary Cause of Infection in Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Tissue Expanders

Perioperative infection is the most common and dreaded complication associated with tissue expander (TE) breast reconstruction. Historically, the expansion period was thought to be the time of greatest hazard to the implant. However, recent institutional observations suggest infectious complications occur prior to expansion. This investigation, therefore, was conducted to determine the timing of infectious complications associated with two‐stage TE breast reconstructions. Following IRB approval, a retrospective review of all consecutive two‐stage immediate TE breast reconstructions at a single institution from November 2007 to November 2011 was conducted. Reconstructions were then divided into two cohorts: those suffering infectious complications and those that did not. Infectious complications including minor cellulitis, major cellulitis, abscess drainage, and explantation were identified. Various operative and patient variables were evaluated in comparison. Eight hundred ninety immediate two‐stage TE breast reconstructions met inclusion criteria. Patients suffering infection were older (55.4 years versus 49.3 years; p < 0.001), and more likely to have therapeutic mastectomy (94% versus 61%; p < 0.0001), the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM; 72.5% versus 54.9%; p = 0.001), and greater initial TE fill (448.6 mL versus 404.7 mL; p = 0.0078). The average time to developing of infectious symptoms was 29.6 days (range 9–142 days), with 94.6% (n = 87) of infections prior to the start of expansion. Perioperative infections in immediate two‐stage TE to implant breast reconstructions are significant and occur mostly prior to the start of expansion. Thus, challenging the conventional wisdom that instrumentation during expander filling as the primary cause of implant infections. Possible etiologic factors include greater age, therapeutic mastectomy versus prophylactic mastectomy, larger initial TE fill, and the use of ADM.     

固定支架式扩弓器扩大上下颌牙弓初探

目的 探讨替牙(牙合)早期采用固定支架式扩弓器扩大上下颌牙弓矫治牙列拥挤的方法.方法 在1例9岁男童的上下颌同时黏结固定支架式螺旋扩弓器,上颌扩弓1个月,下颌扩弓2.5个月后,用"2×4"技术排齐拥挤的上下颌前牙,并用Hawley保持器保持.结果 上颌尖牙间宽度扩大5.4 mm,磨牙间宽度扩大9.0 mm;下颌尖牙间宽度扩大3.4 mm,磨牙间宽度扩大6.6 mm;上下牙列排列整齐,咬合关系良好.结论 对于基骨丰满、牙弓狭窄的轻度或边缘性中度牙列拥挤拟不拔牙患者,可在替牙(牙合)早期或中期试行上下颌同时扩弓治疗.     

皮肤正交各向异性及扩张器力学特性对皮肤扩张的影响

目的:研究皮肤正交各向异性及扩张器力学特性对皮肤扩张的影响,为临床扩张器置入及扩张皮瓣的设计提供参考.方法:以朗格氏线(Langer's lines)为X轴,Y轴垂直于朗格氏线,测量计算注水前后两轴单位皮肤扩张量,测量分析扩张器囊壁的张力特征.结果:Y轴单位皮肤扩张量注水前后明显大于X轴;扩张器其囊壁在各个方向上单位延展量与其形状有关.结论:皮肤扩张时,在各个方向上扩张效率并不一致,沿朗格氏线方向扩张效率最低,而沿垂直于朗格氏线方向扩张效率最高,扩张期张力特性对皮肤扩张存在较大影响.     

Contributing variables to post mastectomy tissue expander infection

Tissue expander breast reconstruction is a common post mastectomy breast procedure performed by plastic surgeons. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of breast reconstruction prosthetic infection, relate patient characteristics with increased rate of infection, and analyze the influence of postoperative complications to expander/implant infection. A retrospective, single-institution chart review of 195 women with post mastectomy tissue expander/implant reconstructions performed from 2006 through 2008 was conducted. Total periprosthetic infection rate was calculated. Patient factors, operative technique, and noninfectious complications were analyzed and related to increased periprosthetic infection rate. A binary logistic regression model was fitted using periprosthetic infection as the dependent variable and 12 patient characteristics as independent variables, followed by a step-wise model for best fit with a limited number of independent variables. The overall periprosthetic infection rate per patient over the 2 year period was 5.1%. The incidence of periprosthetic infection per reconstructed breast was 3.2%. Odds ratio estimates indicated that the presence of cellulitis increased the odds of periprosthetic infection more than 200 times (p = <0.0001), and inpatient procedures increased the odds 16 times (p = 0.02). Other variables (i.e., age > 65, DM, flap necrosis, smoking, dehiscence, AlloDerm, etc) failed to reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Postoperative breast cellulitis and inpatient status appear to be significant risk factors for increased periprosthetic infection. No significant increase in periprosthetic infection rate was noted with other variables in this model.     

New Statistical Method to Analyze Three-Dimensional Landmark Configurations Obtained with Cone-Beam CT: Basic Features and Clinical Application for Rapid Maxillary Expansion

Objective

To describe a statistical method of three-dimensional landmark configuration data and apply it to an orthodontic data set comparing two types of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatments.

Materials and Methods

Landmark configurations obtained from cone beam CT scans were used to represent patients in two types (please describe what were two types) of RME groups and a control group over four time points. A method using tools from persistent homology and dimensionality reduction is presented and used to identify variability between the subjects.

Results

The analysis was in agreement with previous results using conventional methods, which found significant differences between treatment groups and the control, but no distinction between the types of treatment. Additionally, it was found that second molar eruption varied considerably between the subjects, and this has not been evaluated in previous analyses.

Conclusion

This method of analysis allows entire configurations to be considered as a whole, and does not require specific inter-landmark distances or angles to be selected. Sources of variability present themselves, without having to be individually sought after. This method is suggested as an additional tool for the analysis of landmark configuration data.