基于NIRS技术和PCA-SVM算法6种树脂及其他类中药的快速鉴别

目的:利用近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)法,结合主成分分析(PCA)和支持向量机(SVM)联用算法,建立6种树脂及其他类中药安息香(Benzoinum),琥珀(Succinum),没药(Myrrha),乳香(Olibanum),松香(Colophonium),天竺黄(Bambusaen Concretio Silicea)的NIR模式识别模型,用于该6味中药的快速鉴别。方法:收集上述6种中药样品,经性状鉴别和理化分析确定正品药材55批,粉碎成均匀粉末,在4 000~12 000 cm~(-1)光谱区,采集各样品粉末的NIR光谱,选取特征谱段9 000~5 400,5 000~4 000 cm~(-1)为建模谱段,分别采用矢量归一化法(vector normalization,VN),一阶导数法(first derivative,FD),二阶导数法(second derivative,SD)3种不同光谱预处理方法进行预处理并分别进行PCA降维。根据主成分空间散点图,优选最佳预处理方法。利用最佳预处理方法处理后光谱的PCA降维数据,建立SVM模式识别模型,SVM模型参数c和g采用网格搜索法结合五折交叉验证进行寻优。对比不同主成分数所建PCA-SVM模型的预测准确率,确定最佳的主成分数,最终建立6种中药NIR快速鉴别模型。结果:在9 000~5 400,5 000~4 000 cm~(-1)建模谱段,确定最佳光谱预处理方法为SD,SD预处理光谱PCA降维后,确定最佳主成分数为3个,累计贡献率达93.57%。经网格搜索法确定最佳SVM建模参数组为c=65 536,g=512。所建PCA-SVM模型对训练集和验证集样品预测正确率均达100%,模型五折交叉验证准确率亦达100%。结论:所建的6种中药NIR光谱PCA-SVM鉴别模型,预测准确率高,模型预测能力强,结合NIRS技术无损、快速的优点,该模型可用于上述6种中药的无损、快速鉴别。     

Learning using privileged information: SVM+ and weighted SVM

Prior knowledge can be used to improve predictive performance of learning algorithms or reduce the amount of data required for training. The same goal is pursued within the learning using privileged information paradigm which was recently introduced by Vapnik et al. and is aimed at utilizing additional information available only at training time—a framework implemented by SVM+. We relate the privileged information to importance weighting and show that the prior knowledge expressible with privileged features can also be encoded by weights associated with every training example. We show that a weighted SVM can always replicate an SVM+ solution, while the converse is not true and we construct a counterexample highlighting the limitations of SVM+. Finally, we touch on the problem of choosing weights for weighted SVMs when privileged features are not available.     

An improved quantitative measurement for thyroid cancer detection based on elastography

Objective

To evaluate color thyroid elastograms quantitatively and objectively.

Materials and methods

125 cases (56 malignant and 69 benign) were collected with the HITACHI Vision 900 system (Hitachi Medical System, Tokyo, Japan) and a liner-array-transducer of 6–13 MHz. Standard of reference was cytology (FNA—fine needle aspiration) or histology (core biopsy). The original color thyroid elastograms were transferred from red, green, blue (RGB) color space to hue, saturation, value (HSV) color space. Then, hard area ratio was defined. Finally, a SVM classifier was used to classify thyroid nodules into benign and malignant. The relation between the performance and hard threshold was fully investigated and studied.

Results

The classification accuracy changed with the hard threshold, and reached maximum (95.2%) at some values (from 144 to 152). It was higher than strain ratio (87.2%) and color score (83.2%). It was also higher than the one of our previous study (93.6%).

Conclusion

The hard area ratio is an important feature of elastogram, and appropriately selected hard threshold can improve classification accuracy.     

一种基于SVM的胶囊内窥镜出血智能识别方法

由于Wireless Capsule Endoscopy(WCE)在消化道中采集到的巨大数量的图像均需要医务人员靠肉眼来排查,给医生带来巨大的负担。该文提供了一种基于支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)分类器的胶囊内窥镜出血智能识别方法,创立一种新的特征参数,并对SVM参数的选择进行实验优化,最终达到94%的特异度与83%的灵敏度。     

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are poised to influence nearly every aspect of the human condition, and cardiology is not an exception to this trend. This paper provides a guide for clinicians on relevant aspects of artificial intelligence and machine learning, reviews selected applications of these methods in cardiology to date, and identifies how cardiovascular medicine could incorporate artificial intelligence in the future. In particular, the paper first reviews predictive modeling concepts relevant to cardiology such as feature selection and frequent pitfalls such as improper dichotomization. Second, it discusses common algorithms used in supervised learning and reviews selected applications in cardiology and related disciplines. Third, it describes the advent of deep learning and related methods collectively called unsupervised learning, provides contextual examples both in general medicine and in cardiovascular medicine, and then explains how these methods could be applied to enable precision cardiology and improve patient outcomes.     

Emotion recognition from physiological signals

Emotion recognition is one of the great challenges in human–human and human–computer interaction. Accurate emotion recognition would allow computers to recognize human emotions and therefore react accordingly. In this paper, an approach for emotion recognition based on physiological signals is proposed. Six basic emotions: joy, sadness, fear, disgust, neutrality and amusement are analysed using physiological signals. These emotions are induced through the presentation of International Affecting Picture System (IAPS) pictures to the subjects. The physiological signals of interest in this analysis are: electromyogram signal (EMG), respiratory volume (RV), skin temperature (SKT), skin conductance (SKC), blood volume pulse (BVP) and heart rate (HR). These are selected to extract characteristic parameters, which will be used for classifying the emotions. The SVM (support vector machine) technique is used for classifying these parameters. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology provides in general a recognition rate of 85% for different emotional states.     

Active Relearning for Robust Supervised Training of Emphysema Patterns

Radiologists are adept at recognizing the character and extent of lung parenchymal abnormalities in computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the inconsistent differential diagnosis due to subjective aggregation necessitates the exploration of automated classification based on supervised or unsupervised learning. The robustness of supervised learning depends on the training samples. Towards optimizing emphysema classification, we introduce a physician-in-the-loop feedback approach to minimize ambiguity in the selected training samples. An experienced thoracic radiologist selected 412 regions of interest (ROIs) across 15 datasets to represent 124, 129, 139 and 20 training samples of mild, moderate, severe emphysema and normal appearance, respectively. Using multi-view (multiple metrics to capture complementary features) inductive learning, an ensemble of seven un-optimized support vector models (SVM) each based on a specific metric was constructed in less than 6 s. The training samples were classified using seven SVM models and consensus labels were created using majority voting. In the active relearning phase, the ensemble-expert label conflicts were resolved by the expert. The efficacy and generality of active relearning feedback was assessed in the optimized parameter space of six general purpose classifiers across the seven dissimilarity metrics. The proposed just-in-time active relearning feedback with un-optimized SVMs yielded 15 % increase in classification accuracy and 25 % reduction in the number of support vectors. The average improvement in accuracy of six classifiers in their optimized parameter space was 21 %. The proposed cooperative feedback method enhances the quality of training samples used to construct automated classification of emphysematous CT scans. Such an approach could lead to substantial improvement in quantification of emphysema.     

Automated classification of neonatal sleep states using EEG

Objective

To develop a method for automated neonatal sleep state classification based on EEG that can be applied over a wide range of age.

Breast Ultrasound Image Classification Based on Multiple-Instance Learning

Breast ultrasound (BUS) image segmentation is a very difficult task due to poor image quality and speckle noise. In this paper, local features extracted from roughly segmented regions of interest (ROIs) are used to describe breast tumors. The roughly segmented ROI is viewed as a bag. And subregions of the ROI are considered as the instances of the bag. Multiple-instance learning (MIL) method is more suitable for classifying breast tumors using BUS images. However, due to the complexity of BUS images, traditional MIL method is not applicable. In this paper, a novel MIL method is proposed for solving such task. First, a self-organizing map is used to map the instance space to the concept space. Then, we use the distribution of the instances of each bag in the concept space to construct the bag feature vector. Finally, a support vector machine is employed for classifying the tumors. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance: the accuracy is 0.9107 and the area under receiver operator characteristic curve is 0.96 (p < 0.005).