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1.
In this paper, we argue that understanding and addressing the problem of poor-quality medical products requires a more interdisciplinary approach than has been evident to date. While prospective studies based on rigorous standardized methodologies are the gold standard for measuring the prevalence of poor-quality medical products and understanding their distribution nationally and internationally, they should be complemented by social science research to unpack the complex set of social, economic, and governance factors that underlie these patterns. In the following sections, we discuss specific examples of prospective quality surveys and of social science studies, highlighting the value of cross-sector partnerships in driving high-quality, policy-relevant research in this area.  相似文献   
2.
BackgroundPolypharmacy is commonly related to poor drug adherence, decreased quality of life and inappropriate prescribing in eldery. Furthermore, this condition also leads to a higher utilization of health services resources, due to the increased risk of adverse drug events, length of stays in hospitals and readmissions rates after discharge.ObjectiveThis Systematic Review aimed to synthesize the current evidence that evaluates pharmaceutical services on polymedicated patients, from an economic perspective.MethodsSystematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies that were published until January 2021. Experimental and observational studies were included in this review, using strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and were assessed for quality using the following tools: RoB and ROBINS-I. Two independent reviewers selected the articles and extracted the data.Results3,662 articles were retrieved from the databases. After the screening, 18 studies were included: 9 experimental and 9 observational studies. The studies reported that the integration of the pharmacist as a member of the healthcare team provides an optimized use of pharmacotherapy to polymedicated patients and contributes to health promotion, providing reduction of spending on medication, reduction of expenses related to emergency care and hospitalizations and other medical expenses. The ECRs made cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analysis, and most of the Non Randomized studies had statistically significant cost savings even considering the expenses of pharmaceutical assistance. Experimental studies reported a cost reduction varying between US$ 193 to US$ 4,966 per patient per year. Furthermore, observational studies estimated a cost reduction of varying from US$ 3 to US$ 2,505 per patient per year. The cost savings are related to decrease in emergency visits and hospitalizations, through pharmacist intervention (medication review and pharmacotherapy follow-up).ConclusionsConsidering the set of studies included, pharmaceutical care services directed to polymedicated patients may cooperate to save financial resources. Most of the interventions showed positive economic trends and also contributed to improving clinical parameters and quality of life. However, due to the majority of the studies having exploratory or qualitative methodology, it is essential to carry out more robust studies, based on full economic evaluation.  相似文献   
3.
BackgroundSafe pharmaceutical care requires competent nurses with specific knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is unclear whether nursing students are adequately prepared to perform pharmaceutical care in practice. Mapping their pharmaceutical care competences can lead to a better understanding of the extent to which curricula fit expectations of the labour market.ObjectivesTo assess pharmaceutical care competences of final-year nursing students of different educational levels.DesignA cross-sectional survey design.SettingsIn 14 European countries, nursing schools who offer curricula for level 4 to 7 students were approached.ParticipantsThrough convenience sampling 1741 final-year student nurses of level 4 to 7 were included. Sampling strategies were country-specific.MethodsA web-platform was developed with an assessment of the level in which students mastered pharmaceutical care competences. Knowledge questions, case studies (basic/advanced level), self-reported practical skills and attitudes were evaluated.ResultsMean scores for knowledge questions differed significantly (p < 0.001) between level 5 (56/100), level 6 (68/100) and level 7 students (72/100). For basic cases level 5 students reached lower scores (64/100) compared with level 6 (71/100) and level 7 (72/100) students (p = 0.002 and p = 0.005). For more advanced cases no difference between levels was observed (overall mean 61/100). Most students (63–90 %) considered themselves skilled to perform pharmaceutical care and had positive attitudes towards their participation in pharmaceutical care (65–97 %).ConclusionsRelatively low knowledge scores were calculated for final-year student nurses. In some domains, lower levels of students might be insufficiently prepared to take up responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Our assessment can be used as a tool for educators to evaluate how prepared nursing students are for pharmaceutical care. Its further implementation for students of different educational levels will allow benchmarking between the levels, both within and between countries.  相似文献   
4.
BackgroundValue-based contracts that tie payments for pharmaceuticals to predefined outcomes aim to promote value through shared risk and aligned incentives between manufacturers and payers.MethodsWe conducted a Delphi study among diverse stakeholders (patients, providers, payers, pharmacy benefits managers, pharmaceutical company representatives) to identify top meaningful outcomes for inclusion in value-based contracts for atrial fibrillation medications. The final panel (n = 55) rated the importance of each outcome on a 5-point Likert scale and selected their top 3 most meaningful outcomes. Non-patient participants rated the feasibility of collecting each outcome on a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement (Likert scores ≥4/5 or selection of an outcome as most meaningful). Differences between stakeholder groups were examined using Fisher's Exact Test.ResultsConsensus was achieved for importance of 10 outcomes (Likert scale), where “preventing stroke or mini-stroke” reached 100% agreement (55/55). Eighty-one percent (44/54) of participants selected “preventing stroke or mini-stroke” as the most meaningful outcome (rank order question). The measures rated as most feasibly collected were “reducing hospitalizations” (97%, 36/37) followed by “preventing stroke or mini-stroke” and “reducing emergency department visits” (both 92%, 34/37). There were statistically significant differences between patients and non-patients [0% (0/17) vs 22% (8/37), P = 0.047] and patients and providers [0% (0/17) vs 39% (7/18), P = 0.008] in selection of “improving health-related quality of life” as a most meaningful outcome.ConclusionsThese findings will inform the design of atrial fibrillation value-based pharmaceutical contracts and provide additional insight into preferences for outcomes which could be used to improve the quality of atrial fibrillation care.  相似文献   
5.
试验用药品规范化管理有助于提升临床药物研究水平。从硬件设施、人员配备及资质、文件管理、质量控制等方面建设卫星药房,并采取GCP药房监管模式,实现试验用药品闭环管理。实施后,试验用药品质控问题减少,管理更加规范。卫星药房可作为GCP 药房的补充,确保试验用药品安全,提升临床试验质量。  相似文献   
6.
背景 随着患者就诊下沉明显,联合家庭医生团队开展社区药学服务日益重要,但如何发挥家庭医生团队作用以满足患者社区药学服务需求仍有待进一步探索。 目的 了解上海市社区药学服务需求现状,为改进社区药学人员参与家庭医生团队开展服务的方式提供参考建议。 方法 于2020年9—12月,采用多阶段抽样法抽取349例老年慢性病患者和855例家庭医生团队主要成员〔全科医生(n=481)、护士(n=234)、公共卫生医生(n=140)〕进行问卷调查。针对老年慢性病患者的调查问卷主要内容包括基本情况、患病情况、用药情况、社区药学服务需求情况和社区药学服务利用情况。针对家庭医生团队成员的调查问卷主要内容包括基本情况、社区药学服务认知情况和社区药学服务需求情况。 结果 349例老年慢性病患者中,125例(35.8%)同时患有≥3种慢性病,305例(87.4%)每日需多次用药。用药管理类药学服务方面,"用药重整及随访"需求人数最多,为52例(14.9%),"用药随访"利用人数最多,为49例(14.0%)。用药教育类药学服务方面,"慢性病用药特殊性的普及教育"需求人数最多,为247例(70.8%),"宣传健康生活方式"利用人数最多,为33例(9.4%)。家庭医生团队成员中,全科医生、护士、公共卫生医生对药学服务的了解程度方面,分别有440例(91.5%)、202例(86.3%)、112例(80.0%)表示了解;对药师的信任程度方面,分别有302例(62.8%)、183例(78.2%)、103例(73.6%)表示非常信任;"协同医师做好药物使用遴选"服务项目的需求人数分别有359例(74.6%)、112例(47.9%)、81例(57.8%);"指导护士使用与管理药品"服务项目的需求人数分别有190例(39.5%)、153例(65.4%)、57例(40.7%)。 结论 一方面患者实际迫切需要用药管理类药学服务,另一方面患者的用药教育类药学服务需求远未得到满足。鉴于社区药学人员队伍薄弱及家庭医生团队对社区药学服务认知局限的现状,社区药学人员应通过培训团队成员,提升团队的社区药学服务认知水平及服务能力,借助团队力量及成员特性,更广泛高效地开展社区药学服务。  相似文献   
7.
BackgroundThe continuing expansion of the pharmacist’s role necessitates continuous evaluation of current practice to identify strategies for improvements. The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has developed tools to support stakeholders in identifying development needs and planning advancement strategies. The aim of this research was to utilise the FIP Global Competency Framework, version 2 (GbCF v2), and FIP Development Goals (DGs) to evaluate competencies related to pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia, and to understand the strategies needed to develop and improve the current practice.MethodsThe study involved four phases. Phase 1 involved translation of the FIP GbCF v2 into the Arabic language. Phase 2 was a consensus panel validation to establish the initial relevance of the competencies to current practice. Phase 3 included a national survey distributed to all registered pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The final phase was conducted through mapping ‘not relevant’ competencies to FIP DGs to identify priorities.ResultsThe translation phase yielded a bilingual framework that could be utilized by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The initial validation phase identified 61 behavioral statements (from 124 in the GbCF v2) as ‘highly relevant’ or ‘relevant’ to pharmacy practice. Findings from the national survey identified a list of ‘not relevant’ competencies that could highlight gaps in current practice. The final mapping phase generated a list of three FIP DG priorities: DG5 (competency development), DG8 (working with others) and DG11 (impact and outcomes).ConclusionThe study indicated that competencies in the GbCF v2 were relevant to pharmacists practicing in the country. However, some competencies were perceived as ‘not relevant’ to current practice and these highlighted gaps in the current practice that need attention. Mapping ‘not relevant’ competencies to FIP DGs should be used as a starting point towards developing strategies, systems, and protocols to advance pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia.  相似文献   
8.
《Drug discovery today》2022,27(3):705-729
The successful regulatory authority approval rate of drug candidates in the drug development pipeline is crucial for determining pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) efficiency. Regulatory authorities include the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau Japan (PFSB), among others. Optimal drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties influence the progression of a drug candidate from the preclinical to the clinical phase. In this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of essential concepts, methods, improvements, and challenges in DMPK science and its significance in drug development. This information provides insights into the association of DMPK science with pharmaceutical R&D efficiency.  相似文献   
9.
10.
摘要:目的 从制药废水活性污泥中筛选高效异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株。方法 通过富集培养,BTB平板培养基快速筛选,纯化株通过形态生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA分析确定分类地位。在好氧条件下,对筛选株进行脱氮性能研究以及pH、碳源及含量和基础氨氮耐受进行考察。结果 获取PWAS17,PWAS21和PWAS34 3株异氧硝化好氧反硝化菌株。初步鉴定PWAS17为水生产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis)、PWAS21为蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus),PWAS34为斯惠假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sihuiensis)。其中Alcaligenes aquatilis和Pseudomonas sihuiensis少有报道。针对3株菌脱氮性能进行研究,结果表明三株菌均能在去除氨氮同时降解COD,并且在去除氨氮过程中几乎无硝基氮和亚硝基氮的积累,均具有异养硝化好氧反硝化特性。通过对菌株脱氮条件优化,得出当pH为9.0,以0.8%柠檬酸钠为碳源,摇床转速220 r/min,接种量5%,温度30℃时最高氨氮去除率,PWAS17最高达92.1%,PWAS21最高达88.7%,PWAS34最高达92.1%。且基础氨氮浓度在50~500 mg/L范围内对3株菌的去除氨氮能力没有明显的抑制。  相似文献   
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