Afterword: Tough Questions; Hard Problems; Incremental Progress

The papers in this issue have specific and focused targets that are essential for making incremental progress on the very difficult problem of identifying the coevolutionary interactions of cognition and culture. The purpose of this paper is to discern the shape of a few of the large problems that loom over these more narrowly focussed papers, and to explain and assess the ways these papers contribute to their solution. The background problems described are (a) the character of the selective interactions between the evolution of culture and of cognition; (b) the special features of cumulative cultural evolution; and (c) the place of language in an account of cognition–culture coevolution. The paper ends with some reflections on the extraordinarily difficult challenge of testing scenarios in this field.     

深圳地区HBV核酸检测反应性献血者两种归队模式风险评估研究

目的评估HBV核酸检测反应性献血者归队风险,为采供血机构制定献血者归队策略提供依据。方法对ELISA双试剂无反应性、HBV核酸检测反应性献血者进行跟踪检测。每次间隔3个月以上,两次直接静脉采样。归队后再跟踪两次以上献血检测结果。两家血站分别按无门槛自愿原则与增加献血10次以上要求进行采样,并对两种模式归队结果进行比对。结果无门槛自愿归队模式归队前检测3例酶免检测阴转阳(15.79%);增加献血次数门槛归队模式归队成功率88.46%;两种归队模式成功归队后再次出现不合格情况分别为20.00%、13.04%,统计无差异,但归队后人均年献血次数有较大差别。结论酶免检测无反应性而HBV核酸检测反应性被屏蔽献血者无门槛归队模式存在窗口期感染风险。建议将多次献血或固定献血、首次出现酶免检测无反应性而HBV核酸检测反应性被屏蔽的献血者列入归队目标人群。仅以HBsAg+HBV DNA作为HBV核酸检测反应性献血者的归队评价指标存在较大风险,应考虑增加化学发光法等补充试验。     

Error rates in proficiency testing in Australia

ABSTRACT

Recent criticism of forensic science has focused on the fundamental aspects of the science, including the lack of supporting empirical studies, validation, accreditation, limitations and error rates. Proficiency tests are an essential component of accreditation and can be used to evaluate laboratory performance and identify systematic issues within components of the service provision. In 2016 we reported on the results of an analysis of 3176 CTS proficiency tests undertaken between 2005 and 2015 by Australian government service providers. The data analysed represented 43 unique CTS test types and covered 21 disciplines. Here we present further data from 2016 to 2017 and compare these results with those obtained from the previous study. These combined results further demonstrate that errors exist even though practitioners know they are examining proficiency tests and the tests undergo a review process. This study illustrates the need to continue to monitor trends in proficiency test results and also further highlights the need for well-designed, relevant, blind error rate studies to determine the approximate error rates for casework.     

义齿固位力测试方法的改进研究

目的 针对现有固位力测试仪的不足,开发一套可操控性强,准确性良好的新型修复体固位力口内测试系统,并应用于临床,对其适用性和准确性加以验证.方法 应用新研制固位力测试系统,以20例下颌总义齿修复患者为测试对象,采用不同角度连续测量下颌总义齿固位力,对数据进行配对t检验(α=0.05).结果 相同受试者、相同施力方向义齿固位力差异无显著性(P＞0.05).相同受试者,不同施力角度,测量结果差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 新型修复体固位力测试仪在临床上可有效地对义齿固位力进行多角度测量.     

Clinical Characteristics,Radiological Features and Gene Mutation in 10 Chinese Families with Spinocerebellar Ataxias

Background:

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily cause the degeneration in the cerebellum, spinal cord, and brainstem. We study the clinical characteristics, radiological features and gene mutation in Chinese families with SCAs.

Methods:

In this study, we investigated 10 SCAs Chinese families with SCA1, SCA3/Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), SCA7, SCA8. There were 27 people who were genetically diagnosed as SCA, of which 21 people showed clinical symptoms, and 6 people had no clinical phenotype that we called them presymptomatic patients. In addition, 3 people with cerebellar ataxia and cataracts were diagnosed according to the Harding diagnostic criteria but failed to be recognized as SCAs on genetic testing. Clinical characteristic analyses of each type of SCAs and radiological examinations were performed.

Results:

We found that SCA3/MJD was the most common subtype in Han population in China, and the ratio of the pontine tegmentum and the posterior fossa area was negatively correlated with the number of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats; the disease duration was positively correlated with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale score; and the CAG repeats number of abnormal alleles was negatively correlated with the age of onset.

Conclusions:

Collectively our study is a systematic research on SCAs in China, which may help for the clinical diagnosis and prenatal screening of this disease, and it may also aid toward better understanding of this disease.     

2008-2011年武汉市某艾滋病项目实施情况分析

目的:分析武汉市某艾滋病项目实施情况,为艾滋病防治工作的发展提供借鉴。方法:利用文献研究的方法,对现有统计资料进行比较分析。利用SPSS19.0统计分析项目实施基本情况,并对项目阳性发现、男男性行为人群动员检测、流行病学调查等进行卡方检验。结果:2008-2011年项目累计干预62012人次,检测38706人,治疗病人746例,社区组织累计关怀915人次;阳性检出构成比(x2=33.701,P<0.001)、男男性行为人群检测比例(x2=577.386,P<0.001)、男男性行为人群的阳性检出率(x2=21.178,P<0.001)、流调构成比(x2=97.135,P<0.001)均有统计学差异。结论:通过疾控部门、社会组织、医疗机构的合作,项目扩大了男男性行为人群的干预和检测,加强了HIV/AIDS的阳性管理。建议完善合作机制,促进艾滋病防治工作可持续发展。     

Testing patients during seizures: A European consensus procedure developed by a joint taskforce of the ILAE – Commission on European Affairs and the European Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Association

There is currently no international consensus procedure for performing comprehensive periictal testing of patients in the epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs). Our primary goal was to develop a standardized procedure for managing and testing patients during and after seizures in EMUs. The secondary goal was to assess whether it could be implemented in clinical practice (feasibility). A taskforce was appointed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)—Commission on European Affairs and the European Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Association, to develop a standardized ictal testing battery (ITB) based on expert opinion and experience with various local testing protocols. ITB contains a comprehensive set of 10 items that evidence the clinically relevant semiologic features, and it is adaptive to the dynamics of the individual seizures. The feasibility of the ITB was prospectively evaluated on 250 seizures from 152 consecutive patients in 10 centers. ITB was successfully implemented in clinical practice in all 10 participating centers and was considered feasible in 93% of the tested seizures. ITB was not feasible for testing seizures of very short duration.     

甲状旁腺鉴定系统在甲状腺手术中快速鉴定甲状旁腺的临床价值

目的:探讨甲状旁腺鉴定(PGI)系统在甲状腺手术中快速鉴定甲状旁腺的临床价值。方法:收集2016年3月—2018年5月于江苏省原子医学研究所附属江原医院进行甲状腺手术的251例患者临床资料,所有患者术中用细针对可疑甲状旁腺组织进行穿刺,使用PGI系统通过检测穿刺组织液的甲状旁腺激素(PTH)浓度来鉴别是否为甲状旁腺,同时将穿刺的组织切少许送冷冻病理检查,以冷冻病理检测结果为对照标准,统计分析该鉴定系统鉴别甲状旁腺的准确性。结果:PGI系统共检测434份组织,其中无效检测16份,有效检测418份。在有效检测的组织中,PGI系统鉴定为甲状旁腺组织311份,非甲状旁腺组织组织107份;冷冻病理检查诊断为甲状旁腺组织314份,非甲状旁腺组织104份。两种检测方法有明显的一致性(к=0.969,P0.001)。使用PGI系统识别甲状旁腺的敏感度99.0%(309/312),特异度98.1%(104/106),阳性预测值99.4%(309/311),阴性预测值97.2%(104/107),误诊率1.9%(2/104),漏诊率1.0%(3/312),准确率98.8%(413/418)。所有患者术后均无出血或感染,均未出现永久性的甲状旁腺功能减退及喉返神经麻痹。结论:PGI系统可用于甲状腺手术中鉴别甲状旁腺组织,具有速度快、准确率高、操作简便、组织损伤小等特点。