保留幽门的和标准的胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的对照研究

目的 探讨保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术与标准的胰十二指肠切除术术后胃排空延迟的临床特点及防治方法.方法 回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院胰胆外科2012年1月-2016年7月行标准的胰十二指肠切除术的401例患者的临床资料,其中行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术患者35例(8.7％),行标准的胰十二指肠切除术患者366例(91.3％),采用独立样本均数t检验x2检验或Fisher确切概率法、Mann-Whitney Test秩和检验等统计学方法比较保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组与标准的胰十二指肠切除术组术后主要并发症的发生情况以及胃排空延迟的转归情况.结果 与标准的胰十二指肠切除术组相比,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组胃排空延迟的发病率(22.9％)显著高于标准的胰十二指肠切除术组(10.9％),P=0.038,其余主要并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P≥0.05).保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组与标准的胰十二指肠切除术组发生胃排空延迟的严重程度(分级比较)相同(P≥0.05),但保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组胃排空延迟的平均恢复时间(12.13±3.09)d明显短于标准的胰十二指肠切除术组的(17.28 ±9.63) d(P=O.009).结论 保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术增加术后发生胃排空延迟的风险,但不增加胃排空延迟的严重程度,相对于标准的胰十二指肠切除术术后胃排空延迟较易恢复,为保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术患者围手术期管理提供依据.     

Determinants of surgical resection for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) include functioning and non‐functional tumors. Functioning tumors consist of tumors that produce a variety of hormones and their clinical effects. Therefore, determinants of resection of pNETs should be discussed for each group of tumors. Less than 10% of insulinomas are malignant, therefore more than 90% of the cases can be cured by surgical resection. Lymphadenectomy is generally not necessary in insulinoma operation. If preoperative localization of the insulinoma is completed, enucleation from the pancreatic body or tail, and distal pancreatectomy can be performed safely by laparoscopy. When preoperative localization of a sporadic insulinoma is not confirmed, surgical exploration is needed. Intraoperative localization of a tumor, intraoperative insulin sampling and frozen section are required. The crucial purpose of surgical resection is to control inappropriate insulin secretion by removing all insulinomas. Gastrinomas are usually located in the duodenum or pancreas, which secrete gastrin and cause Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome (ZES). Duodenal gastrinomas are usually small, therefore they are not seen on preoperative imaging studies or endoscopic ultrasound, and can be found only at surgery if a duodenotomy is performed. In addition, lymph node metastasis is found in 40–60% of cases. Therefore, the experienced surgeons should direct operation for gastrinomas. Surgical exploration with duodenotomy should be performed at a laparotomy. Other functioning pNETs can occur in the pancreas or in other locations. Curative resection is always recommended whenever possible after optimal symptomatic control of the clinical syndrome by medical treatment. Indications for surgery depend on clinical symptom control, tumor size, location, extent, malignancy and presence of metastasis. A lot of non‐functioning pNETs are found incidentally according to the quality improvement of imaging techniques. Localized, small, malignant non‐functioning pNETs should be operated on aggressively, while in possibly benign tumors smaller than 2 cm the surgical risk‐benefit ratio should be carefully weighted. Surgical liver resection is generally proposed in curative intent to all patients with operable metastases from G1 or G2 pNET. The benefits of surgical resection of liver metastases have been demonstrated in terms of overall survival and quality of life. Complete resection is associated with better long‐term survival.     

机器人在胰十二指肠切除术的应用与展望

微创外科的概念自1984年诞生以来,取得了蓬勃发展,但以腹腔镜为代表的微创外科由于其自身瓶颈难以完成胰十二指肠切除术等复杂、大型手术。随着工业化和信息化科技的进步,机器人手术系统应运而生。目前机器人已逐渐应用到心胸外科、普通外科、妇科、骨科、神经外科等。本文就机器人外科的历史及其在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用做一综述,并对机器人外科进行展望。     

Minireview on laparoscopic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in the mid-1980s. Since then, laparoscopic surgery has continued to gain prominence in numerous fields, and has, in some fields, replaced open surgery as the preferred operative technique. The role of laparoscopy in staging cancer is controversial, with regards to gallbladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma, laparoscopy in conjunction with intraoperative ultrasound has prevented nontherapeutic operations, and facilitated therapeutic operations. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred option in the management of gallbladder disease. Meta-analyses comparing laparoscopic to open distal pancreatectomy show that laparoscopic pancreatectomy is safe and efficacious in the management of benign and malignant disease, and have better patient outcomes. A pancreaticoduodenectomy is a more complex operation and the laparoscopic technique is not feasible for this operation at this time. Robotic assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy has been tried with limited success at this time, but with continuing advancement in this field, this operation would eventually be feasible. Liver resection remains to be the best management for hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal liver metastases. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that laparoscopic liver resections result in patients with equal or less blood loss and shorter hospital stays, as compared to open surgery. With improving equipment and technique, and the incorporation of robotic surgery, minimally invasive liver resection operative times will improve and be more efficacious. With the incorporation of robotic surgery into hepatobiliary surgery, donor hepatectomies have also been completed with success. The management of benign and malignant disease with minimally invasive hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery is safe and efficacious.     

慢性胰腺炎手术疗效的临床观察

目的总结慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗经验,提高手术疗效。方法回顾性分析1992年3月～2002年5月手术治疗的138例慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果反复上腹痛是慢性胰腺炎的主要症状。所有患者均接受了手术治疗,无手术死亡。术后发生胰瘘3例,吻合口出血2例,并发症发生率为36%。术后978%的患者腹痛明显减轻。124例(899%)获1～9年随访,平均随访时间49年,13例症状复发,复发率为94%。新发糖尿病7例,脂肪泻5例,死亡5例,其中死于慢性胰腺炎并发症2例。结论慢性胰腺炎手术时机的掌握和手术方法的选择对患者生活质量和疾病进程的控制至关重要。     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的加强对十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现、诊断与治疗的认识。方法回顾性分析我院 1990～ 2 0 0 2年收治的 81例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床资料。结果本组肿瘤位于乳头上部 13例 (16 % ) ,乳头周围部 6 3例 (78% ) ,乳头下部 5例 (6 % )。常见临床表现有上腹痛、黄疸、上消化道出血、呕吐及体重下降等。术前诊断率为 80 %。行胰十二指肠切除术 5 4例 ,节段性肠切除术和剖腹探查 活检术各 2例 ,毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术和乏特壶腹局部切除术各 1例 ,旁路转流术 2 1例 ,手术切除率为 70 %。行胰十二指肠切除术患者术后 3年和 5年生存率分别为 36 %和 2 1% ,行节段性肠切除术患者于 1年内死亡 ,毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术生存 2 5个月 ,乏特壶腹局部切除术生存 18个月 ,旁路转流术均于 1～ 18个月死亡。结论原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现多样 ,早期诊断困难 ,加强对本病的认识和实施根治性胰十二指肠切除术是改善预后的关键。     

胰十二指肠联合血管切除和重建治疗胰头部恶性肿瘤

目的探讨联合血管重建胰十二指肠切除术的适应证和方法。方法回顾 1994年4月～ 2 0 0 1年 3月多家协作医院 4 4例联合血管重建胰十二指肠切除术的资料。本组 4 4例行胰十二指肠切除 ,全组均联合肠系膜上静脉 门静脉切除 ,其中合并肠系膜上动脉和肝动脉切除重建者分别为 4例和 2例。 1例胰头癌因与下腔静脉前壁粘紧不能分开则合并下腔静脉前壁部分切除修复。结果本组围手术期死亡 3例 (7% )。无胆、胰瘘及人工血管感染发生。病理检查结果 :胰腺神经内分泌恶性肿瘤 1例 ,其余均为腺癌。切除血管内膜和胰腺边缘均无肿瘤侵润。本组失访 2例。随访时间 3～ 87个月 ,7例死于术后 7个月至 3年 ,其中 6例为合并肠系膜上动脉和肝动脉切除重建者。存活超过 3年者 2 1例 ,超过 5年者 6例 ,其余病例尚在随访中。结论在选择适宜的病例中施行联合切除血管的胰头癌根治术可提高其切除率 ,延长存活时间 ,手术安全。