知母常用炮制工艺的比较研究

目的比较知母不同炮制工艺有效成分的含量,确定最佳的炮制工艺。方法采用HPLC-DAD法测定不同产地知母中新芒果苷和芒果苷的含量,HPLC-ELSD法测定知母皂苷BⅡ的含量,并比较不同炮制品有效成分的含量。结果知母经炮制后,新芒果和知母皂苷BⅡ的含量有不同程度的降低,而芒果苷的含量有一定程度的增加,总体而言,三种成分含量的大小顺序为:知母片>微波炮制品>酒炙知母>盐炙知母>麸炒知母>清炒知母。结论知母微波炮制法具一定的科学性,可作为知母新的炮制工艺。     

知母饮片炮制前后黄酮类和皂苷类成分变化研究

目的:测定知母饮片炮制前后3个黄酮类和2个皂苷类成分变化。方法:采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法(HPLC-UV)测定3个黄酮类成分,色谱柱为岛津Intetsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱,进样量20μL,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃;采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)测定2个皂苷类成分,色谱柱为岛津Intetsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱,进样量10μL,流速1.0 mL/min,氮气流量2.5 mL/min,蒸发温度80℃。结果:知母饮片炮制后知母皂苷BⅡ、新芒果苷、芒果苷含量下降,知母皂苷AⅢ含量上升,异芒果苷含量相对稳定。结论:知母饮片炮制后部分知母皂苷BⅡ会转化成知母皂苷AⅢ,新芒果苷、芒果苷会转化成其他成分,异芒果苷结构相对稳定,不易转化成其他成分。     

The genus Anemarrhena Bunge: A review on ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. (Asparagaceae) yields Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, which has a long history to be used as a traditional medicine to treat various ailments, like cold-induced febrile disease with arthralgia, hematochezia, tidal fever and night sweats by Yin deficiency, bone-steaming, cough, and hemoptysis. It is also used as an ingredient of healthy food, wine, tea, biological toothpaste. Its importance is demonstrated by large scale to treat kinds of diseases in eastern Asian countries. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Anemarrhena asphodeloides based on scientific literatures. It will build up a new foundation for further study on mechanism and development of better therapeutic agent and healthy product from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.

Material and methods

All the available information on Anemarrhena asphodeloides was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science).

Results

Comprehensive analysis of the literatures searched through sources available above confirmed that the ethnomedical uses of Anemarrhena asphodeloides had been recorded in China, Japan, and Korea for thousands of years. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, steroids, organic acids, anthraquinones, and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds from Anemarrhena asphodeloides exhibited significant pharmacological effects on the nervous system and the blood system. They also showed valuable bioactivities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-microbial, anti-virus, anti-inflammation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-skin aging and damage as well as other activities.

Conclusions

In light of long traditional use and modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized, Anemarrhena asphodeloides has demonstrated a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining purposes. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus more pharmacological mechanisms on main active compounds (TBII, TAIII, mangiferin and other ingredients) are necessary to be explored. In addition, as a good source of the traditional medicine, clinical studies of main therapeutic aspects (e.g. diabetes, Alzheimer?s disease, Parkinson?s disease, etc.), toxicity and adverse effect of Anemarrhena asphodeloides will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.     

HPLC法测定知母药材及其相关制剂中芒果苷和新芒果苷的含量

目的建立一种高效液相色谱方法测定知母药材及其制剂中芒果苷和新芒果苷的含量。方法DiamonsilTMC18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈-水-甲酸（12：88：1．7）；流速：0．8ml／min；检测波长：317nm。结果芒果苷和新芒果苷分别在2．45～49．00、0．99～37．60μg·ml^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9993，r=0．9991）。方法学考察，结果均令人满意。结论本方法简便、准确、可靠，可用于知母药材及其相关制剂中芒果苷和新芒果苷的含量测定。     

知母饮片的质量分析与研究

目的：通过专项抽验,初步探清知母整体质量现状和有关质量问题。方法：对全国范围内抽取的188批知母饮片按法定标准检验并进行统计学分析;进行产地及市场调研,并收集栽培、野生知母89批,针对影响知母质量的因素开展探索性研究。结果：知母的整体质量较好,但应控制熏硫现象,加强饮片储运条件管控;对现行质量标准完善了性状描述,增订了知母肉质量标准。结论：通过此次专项抽验,初步掌握了全国范围内知母的整体质量情况,揭示了潜在的质量风险;对现行质量标准欠合理处进行了增修订,为相关部门完善知母质量标准提供参考。     

不同干燥加工方法对知母化学成分含量的影响

目的:揭示各种干燥加工方法对知母有效成分含量的影响。方法:分别采用晒干、阴干、烘干、远红外干燥、微波干燥的方法对知母进行干燥加工,以菝葜皂苷元、知母皂苷AⅢ、芒果苷、新芒果苷为指标,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分析各种干燥加工条件下知母中各类指标成分的含量变化情况。其中菝葜皂苷元、知母皂苷AⅢ采用高效液相蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)进行检测,用外标两点法对数方程计算含量,芒果苷、新芒果苷采用高效液相紫外检测法(HPLC-UV)检测。结果:采用烘干、远红外干燥、微波干燥方法加工后,知母菝葜皂苷元、知母皂苷AⅢ、芒果苷含量与晒干、阴干相比均有不同程度上升,新芒果苷含量与晒干、阴干相比有所下降。结论:从有效成分保存方面考虑,不同干燥方法的优劣顺序为微波干燥>远红外干燥>烘干>晒干≈阴干。     

On-line purity monitoring in high-speed counter-current chromatography: application of HSCCC-HPLC-DAD for the preparation of 5-HMF, neomangiferin and mangiferin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge

An efficient on-line purity monitoring strategy based on on-line coupling of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was successfully applied for the first time to the isolation and purification of 5-hydroxymethyl-furancarboxaldehyde (5-HMF), mangiferin and neomangiferin from the Chinese medicinal plant Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, a plant used in the traditional Chinese medicine. The introduction of on-line purity monitoring in HSCCC has greatly improved the efficiency of this technique by overcoming the drawbacks of post-purification sample handling in HSCCC isolation. The effluent from the outlet of HSCCC was split into two parts, and one was collected, while the other was introduced directly through a switch valve into a HPLC-DAD system for purity monitoring. Using this method the desired fractions with high purities could be collected. From 600 mg partially purified extract, 165.6 mg neomangiferin and 292.8 mg mangiferin with purities of 98.9 and 99.5%, respectively, were obtained with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-water (1:1, v/v) by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.2 ml min(-1) after 210 min. A 17.1mg 5-HMF with purity of 96.6% was also isolated for the first time.     

西陵知母中新芒果甙的分离与结构鉴定

西陵知母中新芒果甙的分离与结构鉴定洪永福韩公羽郭学敏（第二军医大学药学院中西药研究室，上海２００４３３）知母（ＡｎｅｍａｒｈｅｎａａｓｐｈｏｄｅｌｏｉｄｅｓＢｇｅ．）为常用中药，以根茎入药。文献［１］记载，我国河北易县西陵出产的为最佳品，以“西陵知母...